Abstract: Disclosed herein are biomarkers that correlate with responses to an anti-ILT4 and anti-PD-1 combination therapy. A biomarker that can differentiate responders from non-responders to this combination therapy can potentially be used to select human subjects who have a higher probability to benefit from such a combination therapy. In one embodiment, a combined positive score (CPS) for PD-L 1 expression in a tumor sample from a human subject is used as a biomarker to differentiate a responder from a non-responder to an anti-ILT4 and anti-PD-1 combination therapy. In another embodiment, a T-cell-inflamed gene expression profile (TcellinfGEP) score is used as a biomarker to differentiate a responder from a non-responder to an anti-ILT4 and anti-PD-1 combination therapy.