Abstract: A flow-through heater assembly includes a housing and a heater. The housing includes an inlet, an outlet, and a bore extending between the inlet and the outlet. The heater is disposed within the housing and extends between the inlet and the outlet. The heater includes at least one opening proximate the inlet and at least one opening proximate the outlet. The heater defines an anfractuous path from the inlet to the outlet, and the openings in the heater are in fluid communication with the bore of the housing.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to systems and methods for analyzing citationally related content and identifying, based on the analysis, a risk of impliedly overruled content. Embodiments provide for receiving case law data from a document source, for extracting a case triple that includes a first case overruling or abrogating a second case, and a third case citationally related to the second case. Features may be generated from case triple, such as natural processing language features comparing the language in the various cases of the triple, and feeding the generated features to a main classifier. In embodiments, the main classifier classifies the case triple into a class indicating the risk probability that the second case is impliedly overruled by the first case.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to methods and systems for providing context aware searching using concept markers. Embodiments provide concept markers configured to facilitate the identification and refinement of relevant content associated with a query with a high degree of precision. In embodiments, in response to a user query, documents and concept markers relevant to the query are determined. The identified documents are associated with the concept markers and are ranked based on the quality of the association. Upon a user selecting at least one of the concept markers, the search results are refined in response. The refining includes re-ranking the documents based on a combination of the original query and the selected concept marker. The suggested concept markers are similarly re-ranked. As such, the techniques disclosed herein provide for a high precision identification of relevant content as well as high precision refining of the search results.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to methods and systems for providing context aware searching using concept markers. Embodiments provide concept markers configured to facilitate the identification and refinement of relevant content associated with a query with a high degree of precision. In embodiments, in response to a user query, documents and concept markers relevant to the query are determined. The identified documents are associated with the concept markers and are ranked based on the quality of the association. Upon a user selecting at least one of the concept markers, the search results are refined in response. The refining includes re-ranking the documents based on a combination of the original query and the selected concept marker. The suggested concept markers are similarly re-ranked. The disclosed techniques provide for a high precision identification of relevant content as well as high precision refining of the search results.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to systems and methods for analyzing citationally related content and identifying, based on the analysis, a risk of impliedly overruled content. Embodiments provide for receiving case law data from a document source, for extracting a case triple that includes a first case overruling or abrogating a second case, and a third case citationally related to the second case. Features may be generated from case triple, such as natural processing language features comparing the language in the various cases of the triple, and feeding the generated features to a main classifier. In embodiments, the main classifier classifies the case triple into a class indicating the risk probability that the second case is impliedly overruled by the first case.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to methods and systems for providing context aware searching using concept markers. Embodiments provide concept markers configured to facilitate the identification and refinement of relevant content associated with a query with a high degree of precision. In embodiments, in response to a user query, documents and concept markers relevant to the query are determined. The identified documents are associated with the concept markers and are ranked based on the quality of the association. Upon a user selecting at least one of the concept markers, the search results are refined in response. The refining includes re-ranking the documents based on a combination of the original query and the selected concept marker. The suggested concept markers are similarly re-ranked. As such, the techniques disclosed herein provide for a high precision identification of relevant content as well as high precision refining of the search results.

Abstract: Methods and a natural language processor for processing a natural language query are provided. The processor includes a classifier, a rule-based pre-processor, a rule-based post-processor, a named entity recognizer, and an output module. The method involves receiving a text representation of the natural language query, pre-processing the text representation, applying a classification statistical model to the text representation when pre-processing fails, applying a post-processing rule, and performing name entity recognition.

Abstract: Methods and a natural language processor for processing a natural language query are provided. The processor includes a classifier, a rule-based pre-processor, a rule-based post-processor, a named entity recognizer, and an output module. The method involves receiving a text representation of the natural language query, pre-processing the text representation, applying a classification statistical model to the text representation when pre-processing fails, applying a post-processing rule, and performing name entity recognition.