Abstract: A surgery simulator includes a physical surrogate surgical interface that represents an interface between a user and a simulated patient in a simulated surgical scenario that involves manipulation of both simulated hard and soft tissue. Sensor(s) sense the user's manipulation of the surrogate surgical interface. A surgical simulation generator generates a real time 3D surgical simulation of the surgical scenario based on the manipulation sensed by the sensor(s). The real time 3D surgical simulation comprises real time simulation state data. The surgical simulation generator renders the real time simulation state data into a real time computer graphics generated video representation of the surgical simulation and provides the real time video representation to a display for real time viewing by the user. The surgical simulation generator simulates effects of the manipulation on both simulated hard tissue and simulated soft tissue of the simulated patient.

Abstract: A microsurgery simulator simulates various microsurgical procedures (e.g., nerve reapproximation, ear drain deployment) that utilize a surgical microscope. A surrogate surgical microscope includes a mobile device and an eye piece. A physical surrogate surgical interface represents an interface between a user and a simulated surgical scenario. Sensors sense the user's manipulation of the surrogate surgical interface. A surgical simulation generator generates a real time 3D surgical simulation based on the sensed manipulation. The generator renders the real time surgical simulation into a real time computer graphics generated video representation that is displayed on a screen of the mobile device. A processor of the mobile device is configured to perform at least a portion of a computational analysis that is used to generate the real time computer graphics generated video representation.

Abstract: A surgery simulator includes a physical surrogate surgical interface that represents an interface between a user and a simulated patient in a simulated surgical scenario that involves manipulation of both simulated hard and soft tissue. Sensor(s) sense the user's manipulation of the surrogate surgical interface. A surgical simulation generator generates a real time 3D surgical simulation of the surgical scenario based on the manipulation sensed by the sensor(s). The real time 3D surgical simulation comprises real time simulation state data. The surgical simulation generator renders the real time simulation state data into a real time computer graphics generated video representation of the surgical simulation and provides the real time video representation to a display for real time viewing by the user. The surgical simulation generator simulates effects of the manipulation on both simulated hard tissue and simulated soft tissue of the simulated patient.

Abstract: A microsurgery simulator simulates various microsurgical procedures (e.g., nerve reapproximation, ear drain deployment) that utilize a surgical microscope. A surrogate surgical microscope includes a mobile device and an eye piece. A physical surrogate surgical interface represents an interface between a user and a simulated surgical scenario. Sensors sense the user's manipulation of the surrogate surgical interface. A surgical simulation generator generates a real time 3D surgical simulation based on the sensed manipulation. The generator renders the real time surgical simulation into a real time computer graphics generated video representation that is displayed on a screen of the mobile device. A processor of the mobile device is configured to perform at least a portion of a computational analysis that is used to generate the real time computer graphics generated video representation.

Abstract: A simulator simulates interaction between a surgical tool and biological tissue, providing real time visual and/or haptic feedback. The simulator receives tool input device information representative of a user's movement of a physical tool. The simulator simulates, based on the tool input device information, an interaction between the simulated tool and simulated biological tissue. The simulator uses multiple computational threads, some of which provide their calculations to interrelated threads for use. The simulator displays a visual representation of the simulated interaction between the simulated tool and the simulated biological tissue and provides haptic feedback to the user. The threads may operate asynchronously and have different spatial and/or temporal resolutions. Threads may be selectively activated and deactivated. Threads may move their spatial coverage.

Abstract: Methods and apparatus provide realistic training in endovascular and endoluminal procedures. One embodiment includes modeling accurately the tubular anatomy of a patient to enable optimized simulation. One embodiment includes simulating the interaction between a flexible device and the anatomy and optimizing the computation. One embodiment includes replicating the functionality of therapeutic devices, e.g. stents, and simulating their interaction with anatomy. One embodiment includes computing hemodynamics inside the vascular model. One embodiment includes reproducing visual feedback, using synthetic X-ray imaging and/or or visible light rendering. One embodiment includes generating contrast agent injection and propagation through a tubular network. One embodiment includes reproducing aspects of the physical environment of an operating room by simulating or tracking, such as C-arm control panel, foot pedals, monitors, real catheters and guidewires, etc.