Abstract: Provided is light irradiation method for irradiating a light absorbing material with light beam having wavelength absorbable by light absorbing material, including applying to light absorbing material, energy that enables light absorbing material to fly, by pressure in a vaporized region higher than or equal to outside pressure, wherein vaporized region is present at interface between a transparent body and light absorbing material in a manner to surround an optical axis. Also provided is flying body generating method including irradiating a surface of a base material opposite to a surface over which light absorbing material is disposed with laser beam to fly light absorbing material in an emitting direction of laser beam, wherein vaporized region having pressure higher than or equal to outside pressure is generated along outer circumference of a region irradiated with laser beam at interface between base material and light absorbing material.

Abstract: Provided is a flying body generating method including a flying target material flying step of irradiating a base material from a surface thereof opposite to a surface including a flying target material in at least a part of the surface, with a laser beam in a manner that a uniformly heated region having an approximately uniform temperature distribution higher than or equal to a melting point of the flying target material is generated at an interface between the base material and the flying target material, to fly the flying target material in an irradiating direction of the laser beam.

Abstract: Provided is light irradiation method for irradiating a light absorbing material with light beam having wavelength absorbable by light absorbing material, including applying to light absorbing material, energy that enables light absorbing material to fly, by pressure in a vaporized region higher than or equal to outside pressure, wherein vaporized region is present at interface between a transparent body and light absorbing material in a manner to surround an optical axis. Also provided is flying body generating method including irradiating a surface of a base material opposite to a surface over which light absorbing material is disposed with laser beam to fly light absorbing material in an emitting direction of laser beam, wherein vaporized region having pressure higher than or equal to outside pressure is generated along outer circumference of a region irradiated with laser beam at interface between base material and light absorbing material.

Abstract: Provided is a method for forming a flying body using optical vortex laser, the method including irradiating an opposite surface of a base to a surface of the base, on which a light-absorbing material is disposed, with an optical vortex laser beam to generate a liquid column or liquid droplet having a diameter smaller than an irradiation diameter of the optical vortex laser beam from the light-absorbing material in an irradiation direction of the optical vortex laser beam.

Abstract: An intermediate transfer belt, configured to receive a toner image formed by developing a latent image formed on an image bearing member with a toner, includes a base layer and an elastic layer. The elastic layer has an irregular surface formed with spherical particles, and the spherical particles include flexible particles having 0.1 MPa to 30 MPa of compressive strength and 15% to 50% of restoring ratio at the time of 10% deformation. Image forming apparatus. Image forming method.

Abstract: The surface layer of an intermediate transfer belt has a concavo-convex pattern formed thereon by spherical resin particles which are independently embedded in the layer so that the embedment rate in the thickness direction of the layer is higher than 50% but lower than 100%.

Abstract: An intermediate transfer belt, configured to receive a toner image formed by developing a latent image formed on an image bearing member with a toner, includes a base layer and an elastic layer. The elastic layer has an irregular surface formed with spherical particles, and the spherical particles include flexible particles having 0.1 MPa to 30 MPa of compressive strength and 15% to 50% of restoring ratio at the time of 10% deformation. Image forming apparatus. Image forming method.

Abstract: Provided is a belt driving roller for a belt driving device configured to drive and rotate an endless belt with at least one driving roller of a plurality of rollers over which the belt is hung by its internal surface, wherein the belt driving roller includes an electroviscosity retaining member of which surface viscosity force reversibly changes under an effect of an electric field.

Abstract: An intermediate transferer includes a substrate; and a surface layer overlying the substrate. The surface layer includes a crosslinked material, including a polyrotaxane including a circular molecule; a straight-chain molecule including the circular molecule in a skewering form; and a block group located at both ends of the straight-chain molecule, preventing the circular molecule from releasing, and at least one resin selected from the group consisting of acrylic resins, fluoreresins and silicone resins.

Abstract: Provided is a belt driving roller for a belt driving device configured to drive and rotate an endless belt with at least one driving roller of a plurality of rollers over which the belt is hung by its internal surface, wherein the belt driving roller includes an electroviscosity retaining member of which surface viscosity force reversibly changes under an effect of an electric field.

Abstract: An intermediate transfer belt includes a polyimide resin or a polyamideimide resin including only ?-butyrolactone of from 5 to 5,000 ppm as a residual solvent.

Abstract: An intermediate transfer belt including a base layer, and an elastic layer on the base layer containing spherical particles on a surface thereof and containing an elastic layer ingredient, wherein the elastic layer contains a fatty acid in an amount of 0.001 parts by mass to 0.040 parts by mass relative to 100 parts by mass of the elastic layer ingredient.

Abstract: An intermediate transferer a toner image formed by developing a latent image on an image bearer with a toner is transferred onto includes a substrate including a polycarbonate resin and a carbon black. The intermediate transferer has a surface resistivity of from 10 to 12 Log ?/? when applied with a volt of 500 V, a volume resistivity of from 7.5 to 9.5 Log ?·cm when applied with a volt of 100 V, and a difference between the surface resistivity and the volume resistivity of from 1.5 to 4.0 digits.

Abstract: An intermediate transferer includes a substrate; and a surface layer overlying the substrate. The surface layer includes a crosslinked material, including a polyrotaxane including a circular molecule; a straight-chain molecule including the circular molecule in a skewering form; and a block group located at both ends of the straight-chain molecule, preventing the circular molecule from releasing, and at least one resin selected from the group consisting of acrylic resins, fluoreresins and silicone resins.

Abstract: To provide an intermediate transfer belt for use in an electrophotographic apparatus, including as an outermost surface thereof: uniform convex regions formed by aligning independent spherical resin particles in a surface direction; and depressed regions formed of a lubricant layer which respectively lie between the convex regions.

Abstract: To provide a belt for an image forming apparatus, which contains: a base layer; an elastic layer; and spherical particles, wherein the belt for an image forming apparatus is provided across a plurality of rollers of the image forming apparatus to rotate, wherein the belt for an image forming apparatus has a laminate structure where at least the base layer and the elastic layer are provided in this order, wherein the spherical particles are partially embedded in an exposed surface of the elastic layer, and wherein, relative to a width direction of the belt for an image forming apparatus, a thickness of an edge portion of the belt for an image forming apparatus is 50% to 95% of a thickness of a center portion of the belt for an image forming apparatus, and an edge curling amount of the belt is 4 mm or less.

Abstract: An image forming apparatus includes an image bearer; an image developer developing a latent image formed on the image bearer with a toner to form a toner image thereon; a ring-shaped intermediate transfer belt rotatably stretched by plural tension rollers, and the toner image is first transferred on; a curving roller contacting an outer surface of the intermediate transfer belt the toner image is transferred on and curving the belt inside; and a transferer secondly transferring the toner image on the intermediate transfer belt to a recording medium. The intermediate transfer belt has a double-layered structure formed of an inner layer and an outer layer each including a same resin.

Abstract: An intermediate transfer belt includes a polyimide resin or a polyamideimide resin including only ?-butyrolactone of from 5 to 5,000 ppm as a residual solvent.

Abstract: To provide an intermediate transfer belt, containing a base, an elastic layer formed on the base, and spherical particles deposited on a surface of the elastic layer, in which wherein the elastic layer has micro rubber hardness of 40° or lower in the environment of 10° C. and 15% RH, and the intermediate transfer belt is designed to be mounted in an image forming apparatus.

Abstract: To provide an intermediate transfer belt, which contains a base layer, and an elastic layer formed on the base layer, wherein the base layer contains polyimide which has a constitutional unit derived from pyromellitic acid and a constitutional unit derived from diaminodiphenyl ether, wherein the intermediate layer has a curling amount of 1.5 mm or less in an absolute value, and wherein the intermediate transfer belt is configured to receive, by transferring, a toner image formed by developing, with a toner, a latent image formed on an image bearing member.