Abstract: A patterning method includes: forming a first photoresist layer on a substrate; performing first divisional exposure on the first photoresist layer with first exposure energy, higher than or equal to threshold energy, using a reticle having lines and spaces of a mask pattern and an exposure apparatus; and shifting the reticle below a line width of the mask pattern and performing second divisional exposure on the first photoresist layer with second exposure energy, higher than or equal to the threshold energy, using the reticle to form a photoresist pattern. A spatial distribution of the first exposure energy may overlap a spatial distribution of the second exposure energy.

Abstract: An exemplary embodiment in the present disclosure provides a grain-oriented electrical steel sheet containing, by wt %: 3.0 to 4.5% of Si; 0.05 to 0.2% of Mn; 0.015 to 0.035% of Al; 0.0015% or less (excluding 0%) of C; 0.0015% or less (excluding 0%) of N; 0.0015% or less (excluding 0%) of S; and a balance of Fe and other unavoidable impurities, wherein the grain-oriented electrical steel sheet satisfies the following Relational Expressions 1 and 2: (W13/50/W17/50)?0.57??[Relational Expression 1] (W15/50/W17/50)?0.76??[Relational Expression 2] where Wx/y represents a core loss value under conditions in which a magnitude of an applied magnetic field is x/10 T and a frequency is y Hz.

Abstract: A method of casting a casting product having tubular flow passages includes: attaching a cast-in pipe insert, having outer and inner fixing members to which both ends of pipes are coupled, respectively, to a fixed mold; assembling a movable mold with the fixed mold; injecting a molten metal into a cavity defined inside the fixed and movable molds; ejecting a casting product from the assembled molds after injecting the molten metal; and removing the outer and inner fixing members from the casting product.

Abstract: A method of casting a casting product having tubular flow passages includes: attaching a cast-in pipe insert, having outer and inner fixing members to which both ends of pipes are coupled, respectively, to a fixed mold; assembling a movable mold with the fixed mold; injecting a molten metal into a cavity defined inside the fixed and movable molds; ejecting a casting product from the assembled molds after injecting the molten metal; and removing the outer and inner fixing members from the casting product.

Abstract: Disclosed are an apparatus and a method for simultaneously measuring integrated reflectivity of X-rays with different orders of reflections in crystal. Continuous X-rays are incident into the crystal and reflection intensities of the X-rays reflected from the crystal with different orders of reflections are measured based on Bragg's law, thereby measuring reflectivity of X-rays with different orders of reflections.