Abstract: The present invention enables shortening the time required for resuming communication in a protection method that uses a backup path in an optical communication system that includes a master station device and multiple slave station devices. The slave station devices are connected to a loop path in parallel. The communication paths between the master station device and the slave station devices include a normal path and a backup path. The master station device executes communication control processing with respect to the slave station devices based on the RTTs. A first slave station device is a slave station device that cannot perform communication via the normal path. If the first slave station device is detected, the master station device calculates a first backup path for the first slave station device based on a first RTT between the master station device and the loop path, a loop RTT required for one full lap on the loop path, and the first normal path RTT for the first slave station device.

Abstract: In an electronic component, an active chip element and a passive chip element are respectively enclosed within first and second resin layers, which are separately disposed on upper and lower surfaces of a core substrate, respectively. The first resin layer includes a shielding metal film disposed on an upper surface thereof and a first via-hole conductor which connects the shielding metal film with a circuit pattern provided on the core substrate. The second resin layer includes an external-terminal electrode disposed on a lower surface thereof and a second via-hole conductor which connects the external-terminal electrode with a circuit pattern provided on the core substrate.

Abstract: A composite electronic component includes a multilayer wiring block having a plurality of insulating layers and a wiring pattern, and a chip-type electronic component built-in multilayer block having a plurality of insulating payers and a wiring pattern and including a first chip-type electronic component. The multilayer wiring block and the chip-type electronic component built-in multilayer block are electrically interconnected and arranged on substantially the same plane.

Abstract: A composite electronic component includes a multilayer wiring block having a plurality of insulating layers and a wiring pattern, and a chip-type electronic component built-in multilayer block having a plurality of insulating payers and a wiring pattern and including a first chip-type electronic component. The multilayer wiring block and the chip-type electronic component built-in multilayer block are electrically interconnected and arranged on substantially the same plane.

Abstract: A composite electronic component includes a multilayer wiring block having a plurality of insulating layers and a wiring pattern, and a chip-type electronic component built-in multilayer block having a plurality of insulating payers and a wiring pattern and including a first chip-type electronic component. The multilayer wiring block and the chip-type electronic component built-in multilayer block are electrically interconnected and arranged on substantially the same plane.

Abstract: A ceramic multilayer substrate has a ceramic laminate including a plurality of ceramic layers laminated, having a first main surface, and including internal circuit elements disposed in the inside, a resin layer having a bonding surface in contact with the first main surface of the ceramic laminate and a mounting surface opposite to the bonding surface, external electrodes, each disposed on the mounting surface of the resin layer and electrically connected to at least one of the internal circuit elements of the ceramic laminate, and a ground electrode, a dummy electrode, or capacitor electrodes disposed at an interface between the first main surface of the ceramic laminate and the bonding surface of the resin layer or in the inside of the resin layer.

Abstract: A composite electronic component includes a multilayer wiring block having a plurality of insulating layers and a wiring pattern, and a chip-type electronic component built-in multilayer block having a plurality of insulating payers and a wiring pattern and including a first chip-type electronic component. The multilayer wiring block and the chip-type electronic component built-in multilayer block are electrically interconnected and arranged on substantially the same plane.

Abstract: A composite electronic component includes a multilayer wiring block having a plurality of insulating layers and a wiring pattern, and a chip-type electronic component built-in multilayer block having a plurality of insulating payers and a wiring pattern and including a first chip-type electronic component. The multilayer wiring block and the chip-type electronic component built-in multilayer block are electrically interconnected and arranged on substantially the same plane.

Abstract: A composite electronic component includes a multilayer wiring block having a plurality of insulating layers and a wiring pattern, and a chip-type electronic component built-in multilayer block having a plurality of insulating payers and a wiring pattern and including a first chip-type electronic component. The multilayer wiring block and the chip-type electronic component built-in multilayer block are electrically interconnected and arranged on substantially the same plane.

Abstract: An engine ECU executes a program including the step of detecting an engine coolant temperature (THW), the step of selecting a map for a warm state as the map for calculating a fuel injection ratio (or a DI ratio) (r) when the engine coolant temperature (THW) is equal to or higher than a temperature threshold value (THW(TH)), the step of selecting a map for a cold state as the map for calculating the fuel injection ratio (or the DI ratio) (r) when the engine coolant temperature (THW) is lower than the temperature threshold value (THW(TH)), and the step of calculating the fuel injection ratio between the in-cylinder injector and the-intake manifold injector (or the DI ratio) (r) based on the engine speed, load factor, and the selected map.

Abstract: In an electronic component, an active chip element and a passive chip element are respectively enclosed within first and second resin layers, which are separately disposed on upper and lower surfaces of a core substrate, respectively. The first resin layer includes a shielding metal film disposed on an upper surface thereof and a first via-hole conductor which connects the shielding metal film with a circuit pattern provided on the core substrate. The second resin layer includes an external-terminal electrode disposed on a lower surface thereof and a second via-hole conductor which connects the external-terminal electrode with a circuit pattern provided on the core substrate.

Abstract: A ceramic multilayer substrate has a ceramic laminate including a plurality of ceramic layers laminated, having a first main surface, and including internal circuit elements disposed in the inside, a resin layer having a bonding surface in contact with the first main surface of the ceramic laminate and a mounting surface opposite to the bonding surface, external electrodes, each disposed on the mounting surface of the resin layer and electrically connected to at least one of the internal circuit elements of the ceramic laminate, and a ground electrode, a dummy electrode, or capacitor electrodes disposed at an interface between the first main surface of the ceramic laminate and the bonding surface of the resin layer or in the inside of the resin layer.

Abstract: An engine ECU executes a program including the step of detecting an engine coolant temperature (THW), the step of selecting a map for a warm state as the map for calculating a fuel injection ratio (or a DI ratio) (r) when the engine coolant temperature (THW) is equal to or higher than a temperature threshold value (THW(TH)), the step of selecting a map for a cold state as the map for calculating the fuel injection ratio (or the DI ratio) (r) when the engine coolant temperature (THW) is lower than the temperature threshold value (THW(TH)), and the step of calculating the fuel injection ratio between the in-cylinder injector and the-intake manifold injector (or the DI ratio) (r) based on the engine speed, load factor, and the selected map.

Abstract: A board 11 having a quartz crystal 13 housed in a cavity 12 is prepared. Chips 14a to 14c are mounted on wiring conductors 20 disposed on a second main surface 11b of the board 11. An epoxy resin pre-preg sheet 15a is stacked on the second main surface 11b of the board 11, heated, and pressure-bonded to form a resin layer 15 on the second main surface of the board 11. Accordingly, a circuit module that can be miniaturized in two dimensions and that ensures reliability and flexibility in establishing external connections and a method for manufacturing the same are provided.

Abstract: A brake booster is actuated based on negative pressure in an intake passage. When an engine is operating in the stratified charge combustion, an ECU decreases the throttle opening size to lower the pressure in the intake passage if the pressure in the brake booster, or a booster working pressure, is higher than a demanded value. When the booster working pressure is lower than the demanded value, the ECU increases the throttle opening size as the difference between the booster working pressure and the demanded value increases. Therefore, when the difference between the booster working pressure and the demanded value is small, the booster working pressure is rapidly lowered if the booster working pressure increases above the demanded value. When the difference between the booster working pressure and the demanded value is great, the pumping loss of the engine is decreased.

Abstract: An air-conditioning system heats the passenger compartment with coolant circulating in the water jacket of an engine. An electronic control unit of the engine controls the engine to perform homogeneous-charge combustion when the engine load is high and to perform stratified-charge combustion when the engine load is low. However, the ECU further controls the engine to perform the homogenous-charge combustion when the heating performance of the air-conditioning system is insufficient. This lowers the heat efficiency of the engine and increases heat transferred from combustion gas to the coolant. As a result, the heating performance of the air-conditioning system will be sufficient.

Abstract: An improved apparatus controls negative pressure in a combustion engine. The apparatus has a brake booster that is capable of increasing braking force of a vehicle by means of the negative pressure in the brake booster. A valve disposed in an air intake pressure generates the negative pressure that is supplied to the brake booster. An electric control unit controls the valve when pressure in the brake booster is in excess of a predetermined magnitude.

Abstract: An improved apparatus for controlling brake force is disclosed. An engine selectively performs a stratified charge combustion and a uniform charge combustion. A brake booster is actuated by negative pressure an absolute value of which is greater than a predetermined magnitude. An electronic control unit actuates the throttle valve to apply the negative pressure to the brake booster when the magnitude relating to the pressure in the brake booster is smaller than the predetermined value. Engine condition is converted from the stratified charge combustion to the uniform charge combustion. A fuel injector directly injects the fuel into the cylinder to set the engine to perform the stratified charge combustion. A basic injection timing of the fuel injector is computed based on the operation state of the engine. The basic timing is advanced when the stratified charge combustion is performed and the negative pressure is applied to the brake booster.

Abstract: An apparatus for controlling operation of an engine is disclosed. The apparatus includes a passage for supplying air to the engine and a fuel injection valve. The engine burns air-fuel mixture to produce torque. A valve adjusts the quantity of air supplied to the engine. An ECU actuates the valve based on the driving state of the engine. The ECU feedback controls the air-fuel ratio by altering the position of the valve to prevent torque shocks caused by changes in the air supply. The feedback control employs two correction factors, the first of which is representative of the air-fuel ratio of the mixture, and the second of which is representative of an average deviation of the first factor from a stoichiometric air-fuel ratio value. The air-fuel ratio of the mixture is feedback controlled as a function of both correction factors.

Abstract: An apparatus for controlling brake force of a vehicle is disclosed. Each cylinders of a vehicle engine has a combustion chamber that receives fuel from a fuel injector and air from an air intake passage. The engine selectively performs a stratified charge combustion and a uniform charge combustion. The stratified charge combustion mode is selected to increase the amount of the air and the fuel supplied to the engine and improve a combusting state of the engine. The apparatus further includes a brake booster for increasing the brake force according to the negative pressure applied thereto. The brake booster is actuated by the negative pressure an amount of which is greater than a predetermined amount. Airflow in the air intake passage is restricted to generate the negative pressure. A fuel injector directly injects the fuel into the cylinder to set the engine to perform the stratified charge combustion.