Abstract: The inventive concept provides a method for treating a substrate. The method includes removing a film on the substrate by applying a pulsed laser to the rotating substrate, in which thickness of the film to be removed is measured and pulse energy of the pulsed laser is selected based on the measured thickness of the film.

Abstract: An electromagnetic induction heating apparatus for heating an aerosol-forming article of an electronic cigarette includes: a power supply unit configured to supply DC power; a power amplifier including a switch unit comprising a pair of transistor switches having a differential structure and receiving DC power from the power supply unit, and a parallel-structured LC resonant network including a resonant inductor connected to an output terminal of the switch unit and electromagnetically inductively coupled with an inductor component of a heat-generating body for heating the aerosol-forming article of the electronic cigarette, and a resonant capacitor connected in parallel to the resonant inductor; and a driving unit configured to adjust a temperature of the heat-generating body by adjusting an operating frequency of the switch unit of the power amplifier to control an amount of current of the resonant inductor electromagnetically inductively coupled with the inductor component of the heat-generating body.

Abstract: A cell transformation cartridge according to the present invention includes a body unit, in which a cell flow path, a material flow path, and a resultant flow path that meet one another are formed; and an electric field forming unit, which includes an electrode being connected to the body unit to create an electric field in a resultant flow path, wherein the cell flow path and the material flow path are formed in a shape that converges to the resultant flow path, wherein the resultant flow path includes a mixing flow path extending from a location being connected to the cell flow path and the material flow path, and wherein the thickness of the mixing flow path is smaller than that of the cell flow path.

Abstract: An apparatus and a method for editing 3D SLAM data according to an exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure directly edits a key frame or an edge of simultaneous localization and mapping (SLAM) data by the user's manipulation, optimizes a pose graph of the 3D SLAM data based on the key frame and the edge edited by the user's manipulation, and generates a 2D grid map corresponding to the 3D SLAM data based on the updated 3D SLAM data to improve the convenience of the user for editing the 3D SLAM data.