Abstract: A display panel includes a transistor array substrate which has a plurality of pixels and is formed by providing a plurality of transistors for each pixel, each of the transistor having a gate, a gate insulating film, a source, and a drain. A plurality of interconnections are formed to project to a surface of the transistor array substrate and arrayed in parallel to each other. A plurality of pixel electrodes are provided for each pixel and arrayed between the interconnections on the surface of the transistor array substrate along the interconnections. Each of a plurality of light-emitting layers is formed on each pixel electrode. A counter electrode is stacked on the light-emitting layer.

Abstract: The advantage is to provide a DNA reading apparatus which can sense fluorescence even if the sensitivity of a CCD image sensor or a photomul is low and can be constructed in a compact size. An optical DNA sensor having: a solid imaging device, and a plurality types of DNA probe each including nucleotide sequence and being arrayed and fixed on a surface of the solid imaging device.

Abstract: A display device which displays image information based on display data comprising a display panel having a plurality of signal lines and scanning lines with a plurality of display pixels containing current control type light emitting devices; a scan driver circuit applies a scanning signal to each of the scanning lines and sets the display pixels connected to the scanning lines in a selective state; a signal driver circuit generates gradation current based on the display data luminosity gradation component and supplies to the display pixels set in the selective state; a precharge circuit applies a precharge voltage to each signal line and sets a capacity component attached to each of the scanning lines in a predetermined charged state; and an operation control circuit controls setting of the light emitting devices in a non-light emitting state when the capacity component is set in a predetermined charged state.

Abstract: A display device includes a substrate, and a light-emitting element which is provided on one side of the substrate. A pixel circuit is provided on the side of the substrate, and has at least one electrode to drive the light-emitting element. An interconnection is provided on the side of substrate, is electrically connected to the pixel circuit and has a conductive layer different from the electrode of the pixel circuit.

Abstract: A display drive apparatus includes a selection circuit which sets display pixels in a plurality of specific rows of the display panel in a selected state with periods at least overlapping each other. A gradation signal generation circuit generates a gradation signal which controls a luminance gradation of each display pixel based on the display data and sequentially supplies the generated gradation signal in time series. A plurality of signal distribution circuits sequentially distribute the gradation signal supplied by the gradation signal generation circuit in accordance with the plurality of display pixels in each column at the timing of time-series supply. A plurality of current holding circuits individually hold the distributed gradation signal and simultaneously supply as the gradation current a current having a current value based on the held gradation signal to the display pixels in the plurality of specific rows.

Abstract: A DNA analyzing apparatus includes a bath containing an electrophoresis medium. A plurality of probe electrodes are arranged in the bath. A plurality of spots each composed of probe DNA fragments having known base sequences are arranged on the respective probe electrodes. Temperature regulating elements are provided to adjust the temperatures of the plurality of spots via the corresponding probe electrode.

Abstract: A liquid crystal display device comprises a pair of substrates on whose opposing surfaces electrodes are formed; and a liquid crystal provided between the substrates and having spontaneous polarization and a physical property such that when a positive or negative saturation voltage whose absolute value is sufficiently large is applied between the electrodes, liquid crystal molecules are aligned in a first direction or a second direction, and when an arbitrary voltage lying between the positive saturation voltage and the negative saturation voltage is applied between the electrodes, a director is aligned in an arbitrary direction which corresponds to the applied voltage and which lies in a cone angle formed by the first direction and the second direction.

Abstract: A liquid crystal display device comprises a pair of substrates on whose opposing surfaces electrodes are formed; and a liquid crystal provided between the substrates and having spontaneous polarization and a physical property such that when a positive or negative saturation voltage whose absolute value is sufficiently large is applied between the electrodes, liquid crystal molecules are aligned in a first direction or a second direction, and when an arbitrary voltage lying between the positive saturation voltage and the negative saturation voltage is applied between the electrodes, a director is aligned in an arbitrary direction which corresponds to the applied voltage and which lies in a cone angle formed by the first direction and the second direction.

Abstract: An antiferroelectric liquid crystal display device includes: an active matrix type LC cell and an antiferroelectric liquid crystal sealed in the cell. Liquid crystal molecules aligned to one of a first aligning direction and a second aligning direction are aligned in the other aligning direction in accordance with an applied voltage, thus forming a plurality of regions of different alignment states in a range shorter than a wavelength of light in a visible light band, and directions of said directors are changed in accordance with a ratio of regions in a first alignment state to regions in a second alignment state. The liquid crystal molecules may behave along a predetermined cone by a phase transition precursor in accordance with an applied voltage. The liquid crystal molecules may behave so as to be inclined in a direction perpendicular to an electric field, in accordance with an applied voltage.

Abstract: A liquid crystal material which exhibits an antiferroelectric phase while the liquid crystal material is in a bulk state, is sealed between substrates. The liquid crystal layer sealed between the substrates exhibits a mixed phase wherein the liquid crystal layer contains liquid crystal molecules aligned in a plurality of alignment states which differ from each other in the alignment order of the liquid crystal molecules forming adjoining smectic layers. The direction of the director of the liquid crystal layer varies continuously in accordance with the polarity and magnitude of a voltage applied to the liquid crystal layer. Gradation display can be achieved by arranging polarization plates such that the substrates are sandwiched therebetween.

Abstract: Placed between a pair of substrates is a liquid crystal which has a first ferroelectric phase where liquid crystal molecules are aligned substantially in a first direction in accordance with an applied voltage, a second ferroelectric phase where the liquid crystal molecules are aligned substantially in a second direction in accordance with an applied voltage, and an intermediate alignment state where the director of the liquid crystal is directed between the first and second directions. The liquid crystal in use is selected so that the first and second directions intersect each other at an angle of greater than 45.degree.. The transmission axis of one of a pair of polarization plates is set inclined to an intermediate direction between the first and second directions by 22.5.degree., and the optical axis of the other polarization plate is set perpendicular to the transmission axis of the former polarization plate.

Abstract: A liquid crystal cell is formed by bonding a first substrate on which a first electrode and a first aligning film are formed, and a second substrate on which a second electrode and a second aligning film are formed by a seal member. A liquid crystal is filled in the liquid crystal cell. The thicknesses of the aligning films are set to 10 nm to 35 nm. An aligning treatment is performed twice on each of the aligning films in the opposite directions. The first aligning treatment is performed to give a pretilt angle of 5 degrees to the liquid crystal, and the second aligning treatment is performed to give a pretilt angle of 6 degrees to the liquid crystal, with the result that a pretilt angle of 1 degree is actually given to the liquid crystal. The glass-transition temperatures of the aligning films are selected to be about 250.degree. C., so that the aligning films are not transformed at the time of baking the seal member.

Abstract: An antiferroelectric liquid crystal display device includes: an active matrix type LC cell and an antiferroelectric liquid crystal sealed in the cell. Liquid crystal molecules aligned to one of a first aligning direction and a second aligning direction are aligned in the other aligning direction in accordance with an applied voltage, thus forming a plurality of regions of different alignment states in a range shorter than a wavelength of light in a visible light band, and directions of said directors are changed in accordance with a ratio of regions in a first alignment state to regions in a second alignment state. The liquid crystal molecules may behave along a predetermined cone by a phase transition precursor in accordance with an applied voltage. The liquid crystal molecules may behave so as to be inclined in a direction perpendicular to an electric field, in accordance with an applied voltage.

Abstract: A liquid crystal layer is sealed between a pair of substrates on which opposite electrodes are formed. The liquid crystal layer is formed of a liquid crystal which exhibits an antiferroelectric phase while the liquid crystal is in a bulk state. When the liquid crystal is sealed between the substrates as the liquid crystal layer, the liquid crystal exhibits a ferrielectric phase wherein liquid crystal molecules aligned in a first state of being aligned in a first direction and liquid crystal molecules aligned in a second state of being aligned in a second direction are present in predetermined order. In accordance with the polarity and magnitude of a voltage applied between the opposite electrodes, the ratio of the number of liquid crystal molecules aligned in the first state to the number of liquid crystal molecules aligned in the second state varies such that the direction of the director of the liquid crystal layer varies continuously.

Abstract: A liquid crystal material is sealed between substrates. The liquid crystal material exhibits an antiferroelectric phase while the liquid crystal is in a bulk state. In the liquid crystal layer sealed between the substrates, due to aligning forces of alignment films, liquid crystal molecules are aligned in a state wherein there is no correlation in molecular order between adjoining smectic layers, and the director of the liquid crystal layer is substantially coincident with the direction of a normal line of the smectic layers. The director varies continuously in accordance with the polarity and magnitude of a voltage applied between electrodes formed on the substrates. Arranging polarization plates so that the substrates are sandwiched therebetween enables a gradation to be displayed.

Abstract: In a TFT liquid crystal display device using a DHF liquid crystal, the DHF liquid crystal is alienable to a first alignment state in which liquid crystal molecules are substantially aligned to a first direction, to a second alignment state in which the liquid crystal molecules are substantially aligned to a second direction and to an arbitrary intermediate alignment state between the first and second alignment states, in accordance with a voltage applied between the pixel electrodes and the opposing electrode. One of a pair of polarization plates has an optical axis set in substantially an intermediate direction between the first and second directions. The optical axis of the other polarization plate is set perpendicular to the optical axis of the former polarization plate. A pulse having a voltage whose absolute value corresponds to a display gradation and whose polarity changes frame by frame is applied to the DHF liquid crystal for each pixel in the selection period of that pixel.

Abstract: In a TFT liquid crystal display device using a DHF liquid crystal, the DHF liquid crystal is alignable to a first alignment state in which liquid crystal molecules are substantially aligned to a first direction, to a second alignment state in which the liquid crystal molecules are substantially aligned to a second direction and to an arbitrary intermediate alignment state between the first and second alignment states, in accordance with a voltage applied between the pixel electrodes and the opposing electrode. One of a pair of polarization plates has an optical axis set in substantially an intermediate direction between the first and second directions. The optical axis of the other polarization plate is set perpendicular to the optical axis of the former polarization plate. A plurality of pulses having voltages corresponding to a display gradation and whose polarities change frame by frame are applied to the DHF liquid crystal for each pixel in the selection period of that pixel.

Abstract: An antiferroelectric liquid crystal display device includes: an active matrix type LC cell and an antiferroelectric liquid crystal sealed in the cell. Liquid crystal molecules aligned to one of a first aligning direction and a second aligning direction are aligned in the other aligning direction in accordance with an applied voltage, thus forming a plurality of regions of different alignment states in a range shorter than a wavelength of light in a visible light band, and directions of said directors are changed in accordance with a ratio of regions in a first alignment state to regions in a second alignment state. The liquid crystal molecules may behave along a predetermined cone by a phase transition precursor in accordance with an applied voltage. The liquid crystal molecules may behave so as to be inclined in a direction perpendicular to an electric field, in accordance with an applied voltage.