Abstract: Provided is an electrophotographic photosensitive member including a surface layer, wherein the surface layer contains a fluorine atom-containing resin particle, a binder material, and a polymer having specific structural units.

Abstract: An electrophotographic photosensitive member includes a surface layer which exhibits excellent dispersibility of fluorine atom-containing resin particles, and suppresses the occurrence of ghost images. The surface layer contains a fluorine atom-containing resin particle, a binder material, and a polymer A having specific structural units.

Abstract: An electrophotographic photosensitive member including a surface layer, wherein the surface layer comprises a fluorine atom-containing resin particle, a binder material, and a polymer having a specific structural unit represented by the following formula (1): In formula (1) R11 represents a hydrogen atom or a methyl group, R12 represents a single bond or a methylene group, Rf1 and Rf2 each independently represent a perfluoroalkylene group having 1 to 3 carbon atoms, or a perfluoroalkylidene group having 1 to 3 carbon atoms, and Rf3 represents a perfluoroalkyl group having 1 to 3 carbon atoms.

Abstract: The present disclosure provides an electrophotographic photosensitive member having a surface layer that is excellent in dispersibility of a fluorine atom-containing resin particle and suppresses a potential fluctuation at the time of repeated use. The electrophotographic photosensitive member having the surface layer, wherein the surface layer includes the fluorine atom-containing resin particle, a binder material, and a polymer A having a specific structural unit.

Abstract: Provided is an electrophotographic photosensitive member including a surface layer, which is excellent in dispersibility of fluorine atom-containing resin particles and is suppressed from causing a ghost image. Specifically, provided is an electrophotographic photosensitive member including a surface layer, wherein the surface layer contains a fluorine atom-containing resin particle, a binder material, and a polymer A having specific structural units.

Abstract: Provided is an electrophotographic photosensitive member including a surface layer, wherein the surface layer contains a fluorine atom-containing resin particle, a binder material, and a polymer having specific structural units.

Abstract: The present disclosure provides an electrophotographic photosensitive member having excellent dispersibility of fluorine atom-containing resin particles, and excellent durability, with an occurrence of a ghost suppressed. In the electrophotographic photosensitive member having a surface layer, the surface layer includes a fluorine atom-containing resin particle, a binder material, a charge transport substance, and a polymer A having a specific structural unit, wherein the binder material is a thermoplastic resin, and a film thickness of the surface layer is 35 ?m or larger and 50 ?m or smaller.

Abstract: An electrophotographic photosensitive member including a surface layer, wherein the surface layer comprises a fluorine atom-containing resin particle, a binder material, and a polymer having a specific structural unit.

Abstract: An intermediary transfer belt having surface resistivity ?s of 1×109 ?/square or more and volume resistivity ?v of 1×1012 ?·cm or less includes a thermoplastic resin material containing carbon black. The carbon black contained in the thermoplastic resin material has a weight ratio of 22.5-28.5 weight % and include first carbon black and second carbon black. The first carbon black of the carbon black contained in the thermoplastic resin material has a weight ratio of 50-90 weight % and dibutyl phthalate absorption of 93-127 ml/100 g, and the second carbon black of the carbon black contained in the thermoplastic resin material has a weight ratio of 10-50 weight % and dibutyl phthalate absorption of 36-79 ml/100 g.

Abstract: There is provided a method for controlling an electrophotographic apparatus including forming a first measurement image by performing first halftone processing on image data, forming a second measurement image by performing second halftone processing different from the first halftone processing on the image data, measuring densities of the first measurement image and the second measurement image, calculating a density difference between each of densities of the measurement images, determining whether the density difference satisfies a predetermined reference value, and applying a surface treatment on an electrophotographic photosensitive member if the density difference does not satisfy the reference value, during a non-image formation period.

Abstract: There is provided a method for controlling an electrophotographic apparatus including forming a first measurement image by performing first halftone processing on image data, forming a second measurement image by performing second halftone processing different from the first halftone processing on the image data, measuring densities of the first measurement image and the second measurement image, calculating a density difference between each of densities of the measurement images, determining whether the density difference satisfies a predetermined reference value, and applying a surface treatment on an electrophotographic photosensitive member if the density difference does not satisfy the reference value, during a non-image formation period.

Abstract: The present invention provides an electrophotographic photosensitive member which has a substrate, a photoconductive layer and a surface layer formed from hydrogenated amorphous silicon carbide in this order. The average value of the carbon content (C/(C+Si)) of the surface layer formed from the hydrogenated amorphous silicon carbide is set at 0.90 or more and less than 1.00, and the average value of the hydrogen content (H/(H+C+Si)) is set at 0.40 or less; and when the average value of the ratios of the sum of a Si—O bond and an O—Si—O bond in the outermost surface region that constitutes a range within a depth of 5 nm or less from the outermost surface of the surface layer is represented by a, and an average value of the silicon content (Si/(C+Si)) is represented by b, 0.015?a*b?0.090 holds.

Abstract: An intermediary transfer belt having surface resistivity ?s of 1×109 ?/square or more and volume resistivity ?v of 1×1012 ?·cm or less includes a thermoplastic resin material containing carbon black. The carbon black contained in the thermoplastic resin material has a weight ratio of 22.5-28.5 weight % and include first carbon black and second carbon black. The first carbon black of the carbon black contained in the thermoplastic resin material has a weight ratio of 50-90 weight % and dibutyl phthalate absorption of 93-127 ml/100 g, and the second carbon black of the carbon black contained in the thermoplastic resin material has a weight ratio of 10-50 weight % and dibutyl phthalate absorption of 36-79 ml/100 g.

Abstract: An average value of a hydrogen content ratio of a surface layer made of hydrogenated amorphous carbon is set to be 0.40 or less and a maximum value of an sp2 bonding ratio in an outermost surface region of the surface layer made of the hydrogenated amorphous carbon is set to be 0.50 or less.

Abstract: An average value of a hydrogen content ratio of a surface layer made of hydrogenated amorphous carbon is set to be 0.40 or less and a maximum value of an sp2 bonding ratio in an outermost surface region of the surface layer made of the hydrogenated amorphous carbon is set to be 0.50 or less.

Abstract: The present invention provides an electrophotographic photosensitive member which has a substrate, a photoconductive layer and a surface layer formed from hydrogenated amorphous silicon carbide in this order. The average value of the carbon content (C/(C+Si)) of the surface layer formed from the hydrogenated amorphous silicon carbide is set at 0.90 or more and less than 1.00, and the average value of the hydrogen content (H/(H+C+Si)) is set at 0.40 or less; and when the average value of the ratios of the sum of a Si—O bond and an O—Si—O bond in the outermost surface region that constitutes a range within a depth of 5 nm or less from the outermost surface of the surface layer is represented by a, and an average value of the silicon content (Si/(C+Si)) is represented by b, 0.015?a*b?0.090 holds.

Abstract: Provided is an electrophotographic photosensitive member that improves the sensitivity characteristic and high-humidity deletion resistance, and achieves compatibility between a high image-resolving power and the suppression of an image memory. The electrophotographic photosensitive member comprises an electrophotographic photosensitive member, including: a photoconductive layer; and a surface layer comprising hydrogenated amorphous silicon carbide on the photoconductive layer, in which: a ratio (C/(Si+C)) of a number of carbon atoms (C) to a sum of a number of silicon atoms (Si) and the number of the carbon atoms (C) in the surface layer is 0.50 or more and 0.65 or less; a sum of an atom density of the silicon atoms and an atom density of the carbon atoms in the surface layer is 6.60×1022 atoms/cm3 or more; and a defect density of the surface layer determined by electron spin resonance measurement is 9.0×1018 spins/cm3 or more and 2.2×1019 spins/cm3 or less.

Abstract: An electrophotographic photosensitive member is disclosed which has a change layer consisting of five or more a-SiC intermediate layers, provided between an a-Si photoconductive layer and an a-SiC surface layer. Where two layers contiguous to each other in which C/(Si+C) is from 0.35 to 0.65 are selected from among the a-SiC intermediate layers included in the change layer, the rate of increase between the C/(Si+C) of an a-SiC intermediate layer on the photoconductive layer side and the C/(Si+C) of an a-SiC intermediate layer on the surface layer side (i.e., the rate of increase between layers) is 19% or less.

Abstract: An electrophotographic photosensitive member is disclosed which has a change layer consisting of five or more a-SiC intermediate layers, provided between an a-Si photoconductive layer and an a-SiC surface layer. Where two layers contiguous to each other in which C/(Si+C) is from 0.35 to 0.65 are selected from among the a-SiC intermediate layers included in the change layer, the rate of increase between the C/(Si+C) of an a-SiC intermediate layer on the photoconductive layer side and the C/(Si+C) of an a-SiC intermediate layer on the surface layer side (i.e., the rate of increase between layers) is 19% or less.

Abstract: A negatively-chargeable electrophotographic photosensitive member, has, between a cylindrical substrate and a photoconductive layer, a first lower-part layer formed of a non-single crystal material containing silicon atoms and a second lower-part layer formed of a non-single crystal material containing silicon atoms, and on its photoconductive layer has an upper-part layer formed of a non-single crystal material containing silicon atoms. The first lower-part layer is a layer containing a periodic-table Group 13 element, and the upper-part layer has a region capable of retaining electrification charges.