Abstract: A gate structure includes a gate electrode on a substrate, the gate electrode including a lower portion and an upper portion sequentially stacked in a first direction substantially perpendicular to an upper surface of the substrate; a spacer structure including a second spacer and a first spacer sequentially stacked in a second direction substantially parallel to the upper surface of the substrate on a sidewall of the upper portion of the gate electrode; and a gate insulation pattern on a lower surface and a sidewall of the lower portion of the gate electrode and an outer sidewall of the spacer structure; wherein a cross-section of the first spacer has a shape of an “L”, and wherein the second spacer includes a material that is configured to induce a dipole at an interface of the first spacer and the gate insulation pattern.

Abstract: The provided are an electrolyte for redox flow battery and a redox flow battery comprising the same, wherein the electrolyte for redox flow battery comprises a solute and a solvent, wherein said solute comprises at least one of anode active material and cathode active material, wherein said anode active material comprises at least one of organic compounds having a carbonyl group such as benzophenone-, benzoquinone-, dimethyl terephthalate-, and 1,4-diacetylbenzene-based organic compounds, and said cathode active material comprises at least one of amine-, tetrathiafulvalene-, and N,N,N?,N?-tetramethyl-p-phenylenediamine-based organic compounds.

Abstract: The provided are an electrolyte for redox flow battery and a redox flow battery comprising the same, wherein the electrolyte for redox flow battery comprises a solute and a solvent, wherein said solute comprises at least one of anode active material and cathode active material, wherein said anode active material comprises at least one of organic compounds having a carbonyl group such as benzophenone-, benzoquinone-, dimethyl terephthalate-, and 1,4-diacetylbenzene-based organic compounds, and said cathode active material comprises at least one of amine-, tetrathiafulvalene-, and N,N,N?,N?-tetramethyl-p-phenylenediamine-based organic compounds.

Abstract: The provided are an electrolyte for redox flow battery and a redox flow battery comprising the same, wherein the electrolyte for redox flow battery comprises a solute and a solvent, wherein said solute comprises at least one of anode active material and cathode active material, wherein said anode active material comprises at least one of organic compounds having a carbonyl group such as benzophenone-, benzoquinone-, dimethyl terephthalate-, and 1,4-diacetylbenzene-based organic compounds, and said cathode active material comprises at least one of amine-, tetrathiafulvalene-, and N,N,N?,N?-tetramethyl-p-phenylenediamine-based organic compounds.