Abstract: The application discloses a classification method and a system of UAV hyperspectral vegetation species based on a deep learning, where the method includes the following steps: collecting hyperspectral images by a UAV; preprocessing collected hyperspectral images to obtain preprocessed images, and performing a stitching mosaicking preprocessing on the preprocessed images to obtain hyperspectral orthoimages; labeling the hyperspectral orthoimages to obtain a label data set; performing a vegetation index fusion on the hyperspectral orthoimages to obtain vegetation index-hyperspectral orthoimages; constructing a grassland vegetation classification model based on the vegetation index-hyperspectral orthoimages and the label data set, and completing a vegetation species classification by using the grassland vegetation classification model.