Abstract: 2-pyridyl substituted imidazoles of the formula (I) as shown in claim 1, are provided, which are useful in the treatment of diseases mediated by ALK5 or ALK4 inhibitors or both.

Abstract: A sulfonium compound represented by the following formula (1), a photoacid generator containing the sulfonium compound, and a resist composition containing the photoacid generator are provided: wherein X represents an electron donor group; R1 and R2 each independently represent an alkyl group or the like; R4 to R6 each independently represent an alkyl group, or the like; R3 represents a cyclic alkenediyl group or the like; and ?A represents an anion. The sulfonium compound has a photon yield that is controllable by introducing different absorbers to the cation region in one molecule, can address the inconvenience of using a mixture of different photoacid generators when the sulfonium compound is applied as a photoacid generator, has excellent miscibility in a resist, and has enhanced resolution and line edge roughness.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method of tuning a glass antenna that is capable of analyzing the sensitivity of each point, and forming a structure of a glass antenna by making use of a common simulation tool so as to perform tuning depending on a priority that is determined by data obtained by analyzing the sensitivity.

Abstract: Disclosed are a photoacid generator, a copolymer, a chemically amplified resist composition, and a method of forming a pattern using the chemically amplified resist composition. The photoacid is connected with a main chain of the copolymer, whereby the photoacid is equally dispersed within a resist layer, and characteristics of line edge roughness of a resist pattern is improved.

Abstract: An acid generating agent represented by the following formula (1) or (2) is provided, which is included in chemically amplified resist compositions: wherein in the formula (1) and (2), X represents an unsubstituted or substituted alkyl group having 1 to 20 carbon atoms and selected from alkyl, haloalkyl and alkylsulfonyl, which may have at least one hydrogen atom substituted by an ether group, an ester group, a carbonyl group, an acetal group, a nitrile group, a cyano group, a hydroxyl group, a carboxyl group or an aldehyde group, or represents a perfluoroalkyl group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms; R6 represents an alkyl group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms, an alkoxy group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms, or a heteroatom selected from nitrogen, sulfur, fluorine and oxygen; m is an integer from 0 to 2; and A+ is an organic counterion.

Abstract: A photoacid generator represented by the following formula (1), a method for producing the photoacid generator, and a resist composition containing the photoacid generator are provided. wherein in the formula (1), Y1, Y2, X, R1, R2, n1, n2 and A+ have the same meanings as defined in the detailed description of the invention. The photoacid generator can maintain an appropriate contact angle at the time of ArF liquid immersion lithography, can reduce defects occurring during liquid immersion lithography, and has excellent solubility in resist solvents and excellent compatibility with resins. Furthermore, the photoacid generator can be produced by an efficient and simple method using an epoxy compound that is industrially easily available.

Abstract: A photoacid generator represented by the following formula (1), a method for producing the photoacid generator, and a resist composition containing the photoacid generator are provided. wherein in the formula (1), Y, X, R1, R2, n1, n2 and A+ have the same meanings as defined in the detailed description of the invention. The photoacid generator can maintain an appropriate contact angle at the time of ArF liquid immersion lithography, can reduce defects occurring during liquid immersion lithography, and has excellent solubility in resist solvents and excellent compatibility with resins. Furthermore, the photoacid generator can be produced by an efficient and simple method using an epoxy compound that is industrially easily available.

Abstract: Provided is a copolymer containing a repeating unit represented by the following formula (1): wherein R1 represents an alkanediyl group, a heteroalkanediyl group, a cycloalkanediyl group, a heterocycloalkanediyl group, an arylene group, a heteroarylene group, or an alkylarylene group; R2 represents a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group, a heteroalkyl group, a cycloalkyl group, a heterocycloalkyl group, an aryl group, a heteroaryl group, an alkoxy group, or an alkylalkoxy group; R3, R4, R5 and R6 each independently represent a hydrogen atom or an alkyl group having 1 to 5 carbon atoms; n1 represents an integer from 0 to 10; and n2 represents an integer from 0 to 10. The copolymer, when incorporated into a resist composition, can provide a satisfactory resist pattern with high sensitivity, high resolution, high etching resistance and a reduced amount of outgas.

Abstract: Provided is a predistortion apparatus which performs predistortion by reflecting a memory effect when linearizing an output of a nonlinear device using a wideband signal. The predistortion apparatus includes a predistortion unit and a coefficient extraction unit. The predistortion unit selects and outputs one of outputs of the sub-predistorters as an output signal according to intensity of an input signal. The coefficient extraction unit selects one of a plurality of coefficient extractors according to intensity of a nonlinear signal which is generated in response to the output signal, extracts a plurality of predistortion coefficients with the nonlinear signal and the output signal, and delivers the extracted predistortion coefficients to the predistortion unit. Accordingly, the memory effect is reflected even when the input signal is a wideband signal.

Abstract: A digital pre-distortion (DPD) power amplifying apparatus and a method for digitally controlling synchronization of the DPD power amplifying apparatus, which includes a power amplifier, a bias shifter and a DPD unit, are provided. The method includes acquiring a DPD path delay time at a path along which an input signal is fed back to the DPD unit; delaying an input signal incoming to the power amplifier by the DPD path delay time and acquiring synchronization by delaying a bias signal a predetermined number of times until the bias signal and the delayed input signal are synchronized with each other; and in response to synchronization between the bias signal and the delayed input signal being established, pre-distorting the input signal according to a feedback signal output from the power amplifier.

Abstract: Provided are a method of controlling power of an access uplink using a relay station (RS) and a system thereof. When a base station (BS) decides that the subject of power control of the access uplink is itself, the BS generates a message for power control of the access uplink based on channel quality measurement information reported from the RS and transmits the power control message to a subscriber station (SS), and when the BS decides that the subject of power control of the access uplink is the RS, the RS generates a message for power control of the access uplink based on channel quality measurement information and transmits the power control message to the SS. Thus, fast power control of the access uplink can be performed.

Abstract: A compound represented by the following formula (1) is provided: wherein R1 represents a hydrogen atom, a trifluoromethyl group, an alkyl group, or an alkoxy group; and A represents a group represented by the following formula (2) or formula (3): wherein R2, R3, R4, R5 and R6 each independently represent a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted allyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted perfluoroalkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted benzyl group, or a substituted or unsubstituted aryl group; and two or more of R2, R3 and R4 may be linked to each other to form a saturated or unsaturated carbon ring or a saturated or unsaturated heterocyclic ring. The chemically amplified resist composition comprising a polymer compound which is produced from the compound of formula 1 according to the present invention provides a chemically amplified resist sensitive to far-ultraviolet radiation, which is represented by KrF excimer laser or ArF excimer laser.

Abstract: A distortion compensation apparatus and an apparatus and method for transmitting a signal are provided. The distortion compensation apparatus can extract precise distortion information by adding an additional signal to an input signal during the compensation of distortion in a nonlinear apparatus, and can linearize the nonlinear properties of the nonlinear apparatus using the distortion information. The apparatus for transmitting a signal can output a signal linearized by the same method as that used by the distortion compensation apparatus.

Abstract: An acid generator represented by the following formula (1) is provided: wherein X represents an alkylene group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms, —X1—O—X2—, or a heteroatom selected from the group consisting of nitrogen, sulfur and fluorine; X1 and X2 each independently represent an alkylene group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms; Y represents a cyclic hydrocarbon group having 5 to 30 carbon atoms and containing one or more aromatic rings, while one or more hydrogen atoms on the ring of the cyclic hydrocarbon group may be substituted by one or more members selected from the group consisting of —O—Y1, —CO—Y2, an alkyl group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms, an alkoxy group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms, a perfluoroalkyl group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms, a perfluoroalkoxy group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms, a hydroxyalkyl group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms, a halogen atom, a hydroxyl group and a cyano group; Y1 and Y2 each independently represent an alkyl group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms; n represents an integer of 0 or 5; and A+

Abstract: A pre-distortion apparatus of a power amplifier includes: a pre-distortion unit configured to generate a pre-distorted signal of an input signal by calculating a magnitude of the input signal and outputting a complex correction coefficient corresponding to the calculated magnitude of the input signal, and provide the generated pre-distorted signal as an input of the power amplifier; and a complex correct coefficient update unit configured to generate an error signal by comparing an output signal of the power amplifier with the input signal and updating the complex correction coefficient to minimize a magnitude of the generated error signal, wherein the pre-distortion unit provides a constant bias value corresponding to the magnitude of the input signal as a bias of the power amplifier while updating the complex correction coefficient.

Abstract: A pre-distortion apparatus of a power amplifier includes: a pre-distortion unit configured to generate a pre-distorted signal of an input signal by calculating a magnitude of the input signal and outputting a complex correction coefficient corresponding to the calculated magnitude of the input signal, and provide the generated pre-distorted signal as an input of the power amplifier; and a complex correct coefficient update unit configured to generate an error signal by comparing an output signal of the power amplifier with the input signal and updating the complex correction coefficient to minimize a magnitude of the generated error signal, wherein the pre-distortion unit provides a constant bias value corresponding to the magnitude of the input signal as a bias of the power amplifier while updating the complex correction coefficient.

Abstract: A communication method according to the present invention includes receiving MAP in formation, acquiring an initial scheduled frame number and a current frame number from the MAP information, calculating the difference between the initial scheduled frame number and the current frame number, comparing the difference between the initial scheduled frame number and the current frame number with a reference value and setting a scheduled frame number, and performing transmission or reception in the scheduled frame. Therefore, even though a MAP loss occurs, the mobile station can receive only downlink data effective in downlink, thereby reducing power consumption for unnecessary reception, and can exactly perform transmission in a frame in which it should transmit in uplink.

Abstract: In a communication system, subchannel state information for a plurality of user equipments (UEs) are collected, and a plurality of subchannel state prediction parameter values for the respective UEs are calculated using the subchannel state information. In addition, the communication system allocates at least one subchannel among the plurality of subchannels to a first UE having the highest priority. Subsequently, the communication system determines whether to allocate additional power to the at least one subchannel based on the plurality of subchannel state prediction parameter values, and allocates additional power to a subchannel that needs the additional power among the at least one subchannel.

Abstract: Disclosed are a photoacid generator, a copolymer, a chemically amplified resist composition, and a method of forming a pattern using the chemically amplified resist composition. The photoacid is connected with a main chain of the copolymer, whereby the photoacid is equally dispersed within a resist layer, and characteristics of line edge roughness of a resist pattern is improved.

Abstract: An acid generator represented by the following formula (1) is provided: wherein X represents an alkylene group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms, —X1—O—X2—, or a heteroatom selected from the group consisting of nitrogen, sulfur and fluorine; X1 and X2 each independently represent an alkylene group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms; Y represents a cyclic hydrocarbon group having 5 to 30 carbon atoms and containing one or more aromatic rings, while one or more hydrogen atoms on the ring of the cyclic hydrocarbon group may be substituted by one or more members selected from the group consisting of —O—Y1, —CO—Y2, an alkyl group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms, an alkoxy group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms, a perfluoroalkyl group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms, a perfluoroalkoxy group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms, a hydroxyalkyl group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms, a halogen atom, a hydroxyl group and a cyano group; Y1 and Y2 each independently represent an alkyl group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms; n represents an integer of 0 or 5; and A+