Abstract: The inventive concept provides a method for treating a substrate. The method includes removing a film on the substrate by applying a pulsed laser to the rotating substrate, in which thickness of the film to be removed is measured and pulse energy of the pulsed laser is selected based on the measured thickness of the film.

Abstract: Provided is a trocar. An end tool mounting member is provided to place an end tool of a surgical instrument thereon, thereby facilitating the insertion of the surgical instrument having multiple joints into the trocar.

Abstract: The present disclosure provides a method for preparing a polymerization initiator composition, including (a) a step of mixing water and a water-soluble initiator to prepare an aqueous initiator solution having a concentration of 1 to 10%; and (b) a step of activating the aqueous initiator solution, wherein the step of activating is performed by (b-1) a step of heat treating the aqueous initiator solution for 0.5 to 4.5 hours at a temperature of 48 to 62° C.; and (b-2) a step of treating the aqueous initiator solution to achieve pH of 1 to 7, where the steps above are performed in no particular order.

Abstract: A substrate processing apparatus includes: a conveyor belt configured to have an outer surface on which a bottom surface of a substrate is seated; and a polishing head unit configured to face an upper surface of the substrate, wherein the polishing head unit includes: a polishing head connected to a driver; a polishing pad configured to face the polishing head; a polishing pad fixing ring disposed between the polishing head and the polishing pad; and a temperature sensor configured to overlap the polishing pad fixing ring and to be spaced apart from the polishing pad fixing ring.

Abstract: The present disclosure provides a composition for preparing a vinyl chloride-based polymer, including a vinyl chloride-based first seed; a vinyl chloride-based second seed; an initiator composition including a water-soluble initiator and an oil-soluble initiator; a reducing agent; and a vinyl chloride-based monomer, wherein a metal catalyst is not included in the composition, and a method for preparing a vinyl chloride-based polymer using the same.

Abstract: A method for auto-labeling images by using a class-agnostic refinement module is provided. The method includes steps of: (a) an auto-labeling device inputting the images into a coverage controlling module, to thereby allow the coverage controlling module to label objects on the images and thus to output first labeling data including first object region data and first class data; (b) the auto-labeling device inputting the images and the first object region data into the class-agnostic refinement module, to thereby allow the class-agnostic refinement module to label the objects on the images and thus to generate second object region data, and allowing the class-agnostic refinement module to align the first object region data and the second object region data to thereby output refined object region data; and (c) the auto-labeling device generating second labeling data including the first class data and the refined object region data.

Abstract: A method for auto-labeling images by using a class-agnostic refinement module is provided. The method includes steps of: (a) an auto-labeling device inputting the images into a coverage controlling module, to thereby allow the coverage controlling module to detect objects on the images and thus to output first object detection data including first bounding box data and first class data; (b) the auto-labeling device inputting the images and the first bounding box data into the class-agnostic refinement module, to thereby allow the class-agnostic refinement module to detect the objects on the images and thus to generate second bounding box data, and allowing the class-agnostic refinement module to align the first bounding box data and the second bounding box data to thereby output refined bounding box data; and (c) the auto-labeling device generating second object detection data including the first class data and the refined bounding box data.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a composition comprising chlorella extract for preventing or treating liver diseases. The composition comprising the chlorella extract according to the present invention may be applied to medical supplies and health supplementary food and the like, and the chlorella extract of the present invention may be usefully used as a composition for preventing or treating liver diseases because it shows inhibitory effect on liver function injury in a liver function injured model.

Abstract: An apparatus comprising a case, an optical amplifier, and an optical transceiver is provided. The optical amplifier and the optical transceiver are included in the case. The case includes a top portion and a bottom portion. The top portion includes first to third sections arranged in a direction perpendicular to a direction extending from the top portion to the bottom portion. The first section has a larger area than the third section and the second section divides the first and third sections. The third section includes a first cavity including at least one portion of the optical amplifier. The optical amplifier is provided using at least one of an amplifying fiber, a pumping light source, an isolator, a wavelength-division multiplexer (WDM) coupler, a wavelength-variable optical filter, a monitoring-tap photo diode, and a driving control unit.

Abstract: Disclosed is a receptable optical amplifier. The receptable optical amplifier is detachably plugged in a switch device and has a pluggable type so as to be detachably plugged at a position in which a transceiver of the existing switch device is mounted. A body part 100 is provided with a placing part 112 therein, a controller 140 serving as a printed circuit board is mounted in the placing part 112, the controller 140 is provided with an EDF 160 at a lower portion thereof, and a passive and active device 150 at an upper portion thereof, and the receptable optical amplifier includes first and second isolators, a WDM coupler, a pumping LD, and a coupler equipped PD.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a composition comprising chlorella extract for preventing or treating liver diseases. The composition comprising the chlorella extract according to the present invention may be applied to medical supplies and health supplementary food and the like, and the chlorella extract of the present invention may be usefully used as a composition for preventing or treating liver diseases because it shows inhibitory effect on liver function injury in a liver function injured model.

Abstract: The present invention provides a compact optical fiber amplifier, which can minimize the size of an optical module and increase the degree of freedom in mounting the module on a board. The compact optical fiber amplifier according to the present invention includes: an optical module including a plurality of optical elements provided therein, an input port for introducing an optical fiber thereinto, and an outlet port for extract the optical fiber to the outside of the module; and a plurality of optical fibers introduced into or extracted from the optical module through the input port or the outlet port of the optical module and disposed above a predetermined radius of curvature on the outside of the optical module.

Abstract: The present invention provides a compact optical fiber amplifier, which can minimize the size of an optical module and increase the degree of freedom in mounting the module on a board. The compact optical fiber amplifier according to the present invention includes: an optical module including a plurality of optical elements provided therein, an input port for introducing an optical fiber thereinto, and an outlet port for extract the optical fiber to the outside of the module; and a plurality of optical fibers introduced into or extracted from the optical module through the input port or the outlet port of the optical module and disposed above a predetermined radius of curvature on the outside of the optical module.