Abstract: An image of a pattern used for measurement formed on a reticle for testing is transferred onto a wafer for testing via a projection optical system, while gradually changing a position in an optical axis direction of the projection optical system. The image of the pattern used for measurement which has been transferred is detected, and an amount corresponding to an expanse of the image of the pattern in a measurement direction is obtained. In this case, four images included in the image of the pattern used for measurement are detected in detection areas, respectively, or in other words, remaining sections except for both ends in a non-measurement direction are detected, and for example, area of the remaining sections is to be obtained as the corresponding amount. Optical properties of the projection optical system are to be obtained, based on the area which has been obtained.

Abstract: The exposure system of the present invention inhibits baseline shift by carrying out temperature control as required by each composite equipment. This exposure system has a first control system that that sets the temperature of a first liquid, and controls the temperature of an object by circulating the first liquid for which the temperature has been set through at least one object of a projection optics and a substrate stage, and a second control system that sets the temperature of a second liquid independent from the first control system, and controls the temperature of a reticle stage by circulating the second liquid for which the temperature has been set through the reticle stage. The first and second control systems have mutually different setting capacities with respect to the size of the temperature range when setting the temperatures of the liquids.

Abstract: The exposure system of the present invention inhibits baseline shift by carrying out temperature control as required by each composite equipment. This exposure system has a first control system that that sets the temperature of a first liquid, and controls the temperature of an object by circulating the first liquid for which the temperature has been set through at least one object of a projection optics and a substrate stage, and a second control system that sets the temperature of a second liquid independent from the first control system, and controls the temperature of a reticle stage by circulating the second liquid for which the temperature has been set through the reticle stage. The first and second control systems have mutually different setting capacities with respect to the size of the temperature range when setting the temperatures of the liquids.

Abstract: The disconnection ratio of calls of a mobile terminal is reduced when the mobile terminal during communication is located far from a base station and the propagation loss of a radio line increases. In the mobile terminal, when a transmission-power value from a transmission power control unit becomes maximum, a transmission data control unit inputs power control bits “0” and “1” read by a power control bit reading unit and a counter counts the power control bit “0”. If a counted value of the counter exceeds a threshold, the transmission data control unit stops transmission of data through a reverse supplemental channel and switches data transmission to data transmission only through a reverse fundamental channel.

Abstract: When a base station stops transmission due to its maintenance, transmission electric power of the base station is controlled so that a radio network between a mobile station and a selected one of the mobile station and the neighboring stations may not be disconnected. The base station gradually reduces the level of transmission electric power. Until the transmission completely stops, soft handoff deletion procedure between the base station and the mobile station is performed and soft handoff addition procedure between one of the neighboring base stations and the mobile station is performed.

Abstract: The disconnection ratio of calls of a mobile terminal is reduced when the mobile terminal during communication is located far from a base station and the propagation loss of a radio line increases. In the mobile terminal when a transmission-power value from a transmission power control unit becomes maximum, a transmission data control unit inputs power control bits “0” and “1” read by a power control bit reading unit and a counter counts the power control bit “0”. If a counted value of the counter exceeds a threshold, the transmission data control unit stops transmission of data through a reverse supplemental channel and switches data transmission to data transmission only through a reverse fundamental channel.

Abstract: A composite material of de-N-acetylated chitin and fibrous collagen, which may be prepared by bringing the de-N-acetylated chitin and the fibrous collagen into mutual contact in an aqueous acidic medium followed by deacidifying the obtained product, the fibrous collagen being able to be partially replaced by gelatin and/or soluble collagen, and a shaped material derived from the composite material is excellent in mechanical strength, heat-resistance and biostability and advantageously employed in the field of medical materials, edibles such as edible casing and base materials for inmobilizing enzyme.