Abstract: A gas laser amplifier includes a housing, discharge electrode pairs, and an optical resonator. The housing includes an entrance window that allows entry of a first laser beam from outside and an exit window that allows exit of the first laser beam amplified. Each of the discharge electrode pairs excites a laser gas supplied between discharge electrodes facing each other in the housing. The optical resonator causes a second laser beam to oscillate with a gain of the excited laser gas in a non-incident state where the first laser beam from outside the housing does not enter the housing through the entrance window. In an incident state where the first laser beam enters the housing through the entrance window, the optical resonator suspends the oscillation of the second laser beam.

Abstract: A plurality of conductive films are arranged so that their thickness directions intersect with respect to a direction of a magnetic flux generated from a plurality of magnetic poles. Each of the plurality of conductive films is configured so that a conductivity in a longitudinal direction is larger than a conductivity in a thickness direction, and a conductivity in a longitudinal direction is larger than a conductivity in a width direction.

Abstract: An electric resistor includes a particle continuous body in which a plurality of conductive particles are connected, and a matrix disposed around the particle continuous body. The particle continuous body has surface-joined portions in which surfaces of the conductive particles are joined to each other. Silicon particles are preferably used as the conductive particles. The average boundary line length of the surface-joined portions is preferably 0.5 ?m or more.

Abstract: The wiring includes a substrate having one surface and a CNT pattern having multiple CNT lines which are made of a line-shape CNT on the surface and have a height of 1 ?m or more. In the cross section taken along one direction on the one surface, the CNT pattern wiring is a line-and-space film in which the opening is located between the plurality of adjacent CNT lines.

Abstract: An electrically heated catalyst includes a honeycomb substrate, an electrode, and a joining section. The honeycomb substrate and the joining section include matrices and conductive fillers. The matrices contain borosilicate including at least one of an alkali metal and an alkaline earth metal. The joining section preferably has a softening point lower than that of the honeycomb substrate.

Abstract: An electrical resistor comprises a matrix composed of borosilicate containing at least one kind of alkali group atoms selected from the group consisting of Na, Mg, K, Ca, Li, Be, Rb, Sr, Cs, Ba, Fr, and Ra. The electrical resistor preferably has an electroconductive filler. A honeycomb structure comprises the electrical resistor. An electrically heated catalyst device comprises the honeycomb structure. The electrical resistor preferably has an electrical resistivity in a range from 0.0001 to 1 ?·m and an electrical resistance increase rate in a range from 0.01×10?6 to 5.0×10?4/K in a temperature range from 25° C. to 500° C.

Abstract: A base fluid for heat medium contains a hydrophilic ionic liquid and water. A molecular weight of the hydrophilic ionic liquid is at or below 150. The hydrophilic ionic liquid is methylammonium nitrate. Since the ionic liquid has favorable thermal stability, the thermal stability of the base fluid for heat medium can be secured. Since the molecular weight of the hydrophilic ionic liquid is at or below 150, the base fluid for heat medium has a low kinematic viscosity. Further, since the freezing point depression effect can be obtained by dissolving the ionic liquid in water, a low freezing point can be realized.

Abstract: A rechargeable magnesium oxygen battery including a negative electrode, a positive electrode, a non-aqueous magnesium ion electrolyte layer between the negative and positive electrodes, and an oxygen restrictor. The oxygen restrictor is configured to restrict oxygen crossover from the positive electrode to the negative electrode.

Abstract: A non-aqueous type magnesium oxygen battery including a negative electrode, a positive electrode, a non-aqueous magnesium ion conductor, and a promoter is described. The negative electrode is configured to absorb magnesium and release magnesium ion. The positive electrode is configured to produce a discharge product that includes magnesium and oxygen during a discharge process of the battery. The non-aqueous magnesium on conductor is between the negative electrode and the positive electrode. The promoter is included with the positive electrode. The promoter is configured to promote MgO2 (magnesium peroxide) production during the discharge process of the battery.

Abstract: A rechargeable magnesium oxygen battery including a negative electrode, a positive electrode, a non-aqueous magnesium ion electrolyte layer between the negative and positive electrodes, and an oxygen restrictor. The oxygen restrictor is configured to restrict oxygen crossover from the positive electrode to the negative electrode.

Abstract: A non-aqueous type magnesium oxygen battery including a negative electrode, a positive electrode, a non-aqueous magnesium ion conductor, and a promoter is described. The negative electrode is configured to absorb magnesium and release magnesium ion. The positive electrode is configured to produce a discharge product that includes magnesium and oxygen during a discharge process of the battery. The non-aqueous magnesium on conductor is between the negative electrode and the positive electrode. The promoter is included with the positive electrode. The promoter is configured to promote MgO2 (magnesium peroxide) production during the discharge process of the battery.

Abstract: A rechargeable magnesium oxygen battery, which can be recharged with high efficiency, including a negative electrode, a positive electrode, and an electrolyte catalyst. The negative electrode is configured to release magnesium ions during discharge of the battery, and configured to precipitate elemental magnesium during charging of the battery. The positive electrode is configured to precipitate discharge products that include at least magnesium and oxygen during discharge of the battery, and for releasing magnesium ions during charging of the battery. The electrolyte catalyst is between the negative electrode and the positive electrode. The electrolyte catalyst can be any suitable compound configured to facilitate adsorption of at least one of the electrolyte catalyst and anions thereof on the discharge product.