Abstract: An endless intermediate transfer belt includes a substrate layer, and a surface layer to be disposed on the substrate layer. The surface layer is configured by a polymerized cured product of a radical polymerizable composition including a radical polymerizable monomer having a radical polymerizable functional group, an oxime ester-based photopolymerization initiator having a carbazole structure, and a metal oxide particle subjected to surface treatment. The radical polymerizable functional group corresponds to one or both of an acryloyl group and a methacryloyl group. The metal oxide particle subjected to surface treatment includes a metal oxide particle, and a substance for support, to be supported on a surface of the metal oxide particle.

Abstract: An intermediate transfer member includes a resin substrate layer and a surface layer disposed on the substrate layer. The surface layer is a cured product of a resin composition containing a polyfunctional (meth)acrylate, a photopolymerization initiator, and a tertiary amine compound having a melting point of 30° C. or more. In the tertiary amine compound, at least one hydrogen atom is bonded to one carbon atom out of three carbon atoms bonded to a nitrogen atom.

Abstract: Conductive particle 10 has conductive carbon black particle (CB) 11 and cover layer 12. The amount of an insulating resin in conductive particle 10 is from 10 to 50% by mass. The number-average primary particle diameter of CB11 is from 20 to 60 nm; DBP absorption amount is from 100 to 200 mL/100 g. Cover layer 12 is formed by a phase-inversion emulsification method that contains an insulating resin having an amino group and CB11 in an oil phase. Conductive particle 10 is used suitably for a conductive agent of an intermediate transfer belt of an image forming apparatus.

Abstract: An intermediate transfer member includes a resin substrate layer and a surface layer disposed on the substrate layer. The surface layer is a cured product of a resin composition containing a polyfunctional (meth)acrylate, a photopolymerization initiator, and a tertiary amine compound having a melting point of 30° C. or more. In the tertiary amine compound, at least one hydrogen atom is bonded to one carbon atom out of three carbon atoms bonded to a nitrogen atom.

Abstract: An endless intermediate transfer belt includes a substrate layer, and a surface layer to be disposed on the substrate layer. The surface layer is configured by a polymerized cured product of a radical polymerizable composition including a radical polymerizable monomer having a radical polymerizable functional group, an oxime ester-based photopolymerization initiator having a carbazole structure, and a metal oxide particle subjected to surface treatment. The radical polymerizable functional group corresponds to one or both of an acryloyl group and a methacryloyl group. The metal oxide particle subjected to surface treatment includes a metal oxide particle, and a substance for support, to be supported on a surface of the metal oxide particle.

Abstract: A developing device includes a developer carrying member and first and second conveyance members. The first conveyance member conveys a developer in a first direction through a first conveyance path to the developer carrying member. The second conveyance member conveys the developer in a second direction through a second conveyance path included in a circulation path along with the first conveyance path. The second conveyance member has a helical second screw around a second shaft. The second conveyance path includes a developer replenishing port and a developer discharge port. The second screw is approximately constant in diameter in a second section being a portion extending a predetermined distance from an end of the discharge port in the second direction when viewed in a top view. The second screw conveys the developer at a lower speed in the second section than on an upstream side with respect to the second section.

Abstract: An image forming device includes: a charging unit configured to apply charging bias voltage to a charging member and charge a surface of an image carrying body; an exposure unit configured to expose the surface of the image carrying body, and form an electrostatic latent image; a developing unit configured to apply developing bias voltage to a developer carrying body, and develop the electrostatic latent image; and a control unit configured to control timing to start applying the developing bias voltage relative to timing to start applying the charging bias voltage, wherein the control unit performs control such that the larger an absolute value of the charging bias voltage is, the shorter an interval from timing to start applying the charging bias voltage to timing to start applying the developing bias voltage becomes, and such that the smaller the absolute value is, the longer the interval becomes.

Abstract: There are provided a developing device including a developing roller to develop an image carrier by use of a two-component developer and a developing bias power source, and an image forming apparatus using the developing device. The developing device further includes a variable resistance unit provided on a bias apply path to apply a bias from the developing power source to the developing roller, and a resistance controller to control a resistance value of the variable resistance unit based on a charge amount signal indicating a toner's charge amount in a developer layer on the developing roller. The resistance controller provides a low mode to lower the resistance of the variable resistance unit and a high mode to enhance the resistance. The low mode is set if the toner charge amount is low, and the high mode is set if the toner charge amount is high.

Abstract: An image forming device includes: a charging unit configured to apply charging bias voltage to a charging member and charge a surface of an image carrying body; an exposure unit configured to expose the surface of the image carrying body, and form an electrostatic latent image; a developing unit configured to apply developing bias voltage to a developer carrying body, and develop the electrostatic latent image; and a control unit configured to control timing to start applying the developing bias voltage relative to timing to start applying the charging bias voltage, wherein the control unit performs control such that the larger an absolute value of the charging bias voltage is, the shorter an interval from timing to start applying the charging bias voltage to timing to start applying the developing bias voltage becomes, and such that the smaller the absolute value is, the longer the interval becomes.

Abstract: There are provided a developing device comprising a developing roller to develop an image carrier by use of a two-component developer and a developing bias power source, and an image forming apparatus using the developing device. The developing device further includes a variable resistance unit provided on a bias apply path to apply a bias from the developing power source to the developing roller, and a resistance controller to control a resistance value of the variable resistance unit based on a charge amount signal indicating a toner's charge amount in a developer layer on the developing roller. The resistance controller provides a low mode to lower the resistance of the variable resistance unit and a high mode to enhance the resistance. The low mode is set if the toner charge amount is low, and the high mode is set if the toner charge amount is high.

Abstract: A developing device includes a developer carrying member and first and second conveyance members. The first conveyance member conveys a developer in a first direction through a first conveyance path to the developer carrying member. The second conveyance member conveys the developer in a second direction through a second conveyance path included in a circulation path along with the first conveyance path. The second conveyance member has a helical second screw around a second shaft. The second conveyance path includes a developer replenishing port and a developer discharge port. The second screw is approximately constant in diameter in a second section being a portion extending a predetermined distance from an end of the discharge port in the second direction when viewed in a top view. The second screw conveys the developer at a lower speed in the second section than on an upstream side with respect to the second section.

Abstract: An intermediate transfer belt used for an image forming apparatus of an electrophotographic system includes: an elastic layer; and a surface layer formed on the elastic layer, wherein stress relief time ? [ms] of a material used for the elastic layer and hardness H [MPa] of the surface layer satisfy a first condition that 0.48<?<0.75 and 50<H<6275?3?13820?2+10140??2330 or a second condition that 0.75?? and 50<H<150.

Abstract: An intermediate transfer belt used for an image forming apparatus of an electrophotographic system includes: an elastic layer; and a surface layer formed on the elastic layer, wherein stress relief time ? [ms] of a material used for the elastic layer and hardness H [MPa] of the surface layer satisfy a first condition that 0.48<?<0.75 and 50<H<6275?3?13820?2+10140??2330 or a second condition that 0.75?? and 50<H<150.

Abstract: Conductive particle 10 has conductive carbon black particle (CB) 11 and cover layer 12. The amount of an insulating resin in conductive particle 10 is from 10 to 50% by mass. The number-average primary particle diameter of CB11 is from 20 to 60 nm; DBP absorption amount is from 100 to 200 mL/100 g. Cover layer 12 is formed by a phase-inversion emulsification method that contains an insulating resin having an amino group and CB11 in an oil phase. Conductive particle 10 is used suitably for a conductive agent of an intermediate transfer belt of an image forming apparatus.

Abstract: An electrophotographic image forming apparatus has an electrostatic latent image bearing members, developing devices each including developer and capable of developing corresponding electrostatic latent images on the electrostatic latent image bearing members into visualized developer images, a transfer device capable of transferring the developer images to a sheet, first collecting devices each capable of collecting untransferred developer from the electrostatic latent image bearing members, developer supply devices each capable of supplying the developer to the corresponding developing devices, accommodating sections each combined with the corresponding developer supply devices and capable of accommodating the untransferred developer, a collecting and distributing device capable of collecting the untransferred developer collected by the first collecting devices and distributing the collected untransferred developer to the accommodating sections, and a housing capable of retaining the developer supply device

Abstract: An electrophotographic image forming apparatus has an electrostatic latent image bearing members, developing device each including developers and capable of developing corresponding electrostatinc latent images on the electrostatic latent image bearing members into visualized developer images, transfer device capable of transferring the developer images to a sheet, a first collecting device each capable of collecting untransferred developer from the electrostatic latent image bearing members, developer supply devices each capable of supplying the developers to the corresponding developing devices, accommodating sections each combined with the corresponding developer supply devices and capable of accommodating the untransferred developer, a collecting and distributing device capable of collecting the untransferred developers collected by the first collecting devices and distributing the collected untransferred developers to the accommodating sections, and a housing capable of retaining the developer supply dev