Abstract: Provided is a transparent member having formed thereon a film having high reliability, the film being capable of suppressing an increase in its haze and maintaining its hydrophilicity for a long time period even when exposed to an outdoor environment. The transparent member is a transparent member including a resin base material and a porous layer arranged thereon, wherein the porous layer has a network structure in which silica particles are joined to each other with a binder, wherein the resin base material has a mixed layer that the network structure has entered, wherein the mixed layer has a thickness of 20 nm or more and 160 nm or less, and wherein a thickness variation in a range having a length of 1 ?m of a section of the mixed layer in its thickness direction along the surface of the resin base material is 15% or less.

Abstract: An optical component has a surface including an optically effective area having an antireflection coating arranged thereon and an adjoining optically non-effective area having a light-shielding coating film arranged thereon. An edge portion of the antireflection coating and an edge portion of the light-shielding coating film overlap with each other to form an overlap area having a width between 0.5 ?m and 50 ?m. The antireflection coating is formed so as to show a thickness decreasing toward an edge thereof in the overlap area.

Abstract: An optical component has a surface including an optically effective area having an antireflection coating arranged thereon and an adjoining optically non-effective area having a light-shielding coating film arranged thereon. An edge portion of the antireflection coating and an edge portion of the light-shielding coating film overlap with each other to form an overlap area having a width between 0.5 ?m and 50 ?m. The antireflection coating is formed so as to show a thickness decreasing toward an edge thereof in the overlap area.

Abstract: A method of fabricating an electron source includes the steps of fixing a first sealing member to a substrate disposed with an electroconductive member, the first sealing member surrounding the electroconductive member excepting a portion of the electroconductive member, abutting a chamber on the first sealing member to cover the electroconductive member excepting the portion of the electroconductive member and form a hermetically sealed atmosphere between the substrate and the chamber, supplying power to the portion of the electroconductive member to give part of the electroconductive member covered with the chamber an electron-emitting function, and removing the chamber from the substrate.

Abstract: A method of fabricating an electron source includes the steps of fixing a first sealing member to a substrate disposed with an electroconductive member, the first sealing member surrounding the electroconductive member excepting a portion of the electroconductive member, abutting a chamber on the first sealing member to cover the electroconductive member excepting the portion of the electroconductive member and form a hermetically sealed atmosphere between the substrate and the chamber, supplying power to the portion of the electroconductive member to give part of the electroconductive member covered with the chamber an electron-emitting function, and removing the chamber from the substrate.

Abstract: A matrix-type liquid crystal device is formed so as to have a matrix of pixels defined by and isolated from each other by an outside-pixel region. The liquid crystal in the outside-pixel region in placed in an alignment state, typically a homeotropic state or one close thereto, which is different from an alignment state, typically a homogeneous uniform alignment state, at the pixel region. As a result, the liquid crystal device is provided with improved display qualities due to suppression of irregularities at the outside-pixel region and/or a local pressure distribution.