Abstract: A method and apparatus for training a question solving model, a question solving method and apparatus, an electronic device and a readable storage medium are disclosed. The method for training a question solving model includes: acquiring a first sample question; inputting the first sample question and a solving step grabbing template into a large language model to obtain a first sample solving step; inputting the first sample question, the first sample solving step and an answer grabbing template into the large language model to obtain a first sample answer; pre-training a step planning model according to the first sample question and the first sample solving step; pre-training the large language model according to the first sample question, the first sample solving step and the first sample answer; and acquiring the question solving model according to the step planning model and the large language model obtained by pre-training.

Abstract: Provided is a frit having a body comprising a matrix material, and a plurality of microcapillaries formed within the matrix material, the microcapillaries substantially aligned with a longitudinal axis of the body. The frit may comprise a microstructured fibre, such as a photonic crystal fibre. The fit may be coupled to a fluidic conduit such as a chromatography column and/or a nanoelectrospray emitter. The frit may be used in applications such as solid phase extraction, electrospray ionization mass spectrometry, microreactor systems, and filtering particles in any fluid system where there is a need to retain particles.