Abstract: A method comprises generating, based on identity information of a user by an identity management server, a temporary privacy identity identifier of a terminal device, receiving, from the terminal device, a network access request comprising the temporary privacy identity identifier, generating an authentication key of the temporary privacy identity identifier based on the temporary privacy identity identifier and a primary identity authentication key of a domain to which the terminal device belongs, generating a first message based on the temporary privacy identity identifier and the authentication key, sending the first message to the terminal device, receiving a second message from the terminal device based on the first message, performing authentication on the second message based on the temporary privacy identity identifier and the authentication key, and allowing access to a network device by the terminal device after the authentication succeeds.

Abstract: This application provides a Example communication methods and apparatus, to improve packet scalability are described. In one example, a method includes: A first node receives a first packet from a second node, and parses the first packet. The first packet includes multicast routing information of the second node, and the first node is a child node of the second node in a multicast tree. A multicast routing identifier of a node is used by a non-leaf child node of the node in the multicast tree to determine multicast routing information of the non-leaf child node, and multicast routing information of a node includes a multicast routing identifier of the node and multicast routing information of a non-leaf child node of the node in the multicast tree.

Abstract: A method comprises generating, based on identity information of a user by an identity management server, a temporary privacy identity identifier of a terminal device, receiving, from the terminal device, a network access request comprising the temporary privacy identity identifier, generating an authentication key of the temporary privacy identity identifier based on the temporary privacy identity identifier and a primary identity authentication key of a domain to which the terminal device belongs, generating a first message based on the temporary privacy identity identifier and the authentication key, sending the first message to the terminal device, receiving a second message from the terminal device based on the first message, performing authentication on the second message based on the temporary privacy identity identifier and the authentication key, and allowing access to a network device by the terminal device after the authentication succeeds.