Abstract: A battery system according includes a secondary battery, a temperature sensor and a controller. The secondary battery includes a power generation element configured to perform charging and discharging, an electrolyte, and a battery case. The electrolyte is impregnated inside the power generation element. The power generation element and the electrolyte is housed in the battery case. The temperature sensor is configured to specify a temperature of the secondary battery. The controller is configured to calculate a deviation in salt concentration in the electrolyte. The controller is configured to calculate a first flow velocity and a second flow velocity at each position in the power generation element in the flow direction of the electrolyte using an equation defining a flow of the electrolyte. The first flow velocity is a flow velocity when the electrolyte flows from an inside of the power generation element toward an outside of the power generation element.

Abstract: A battery system according includes a secondary battery, a temperature sensor and a controller. The secondary battery includes a power generation element configured to perform charging and discharging, an electrolyte, and a battery case. The electrolyte is impregnated inside the power generation element. The power generation element and the electrolyte is housed in the battery case. The temperature sensor is configured to specify a temperature of the secondary battery. The controller is configured to calculate a deviation in salt concentration in the electrolyte. The controller is configured to calculate a first flow velocity and a second flow velocity at each position in the power generation element in the flow direction of the electrolyte using an equation defining a flow of the electrolyte. The first flow velocity is a flow velocity when the electrolyte flows from an inside of the power generation element toward an outside of the power generation element.

Abstract: The problem is to provide a MALDI mass spectrometry method that can be used for a mass spectrometry method by a general MALDI method with which it is possible to measure multiple molecules to be measured that are contained in a sample quantitatively in a short period of time with good efficiency compared with conventional methods. The problem is solved by a MALDI mass spectrometry method for a sample containing multiple molecules to be measured, which is a MALDI mass spectrometry method characterized in that the multiple molecules to be measured are a saccharide mixture, a glycopeptide mixture, a glycopeptide-peptide mixture, a glycoprotein mixture, or a glycoprotein-protein mixture, and that a quantitative mass spectrum of the multiple molecules to be measured is obtained from an arbitrary point in the sample to be measured where a signal is detected without measuring and integrated averaging the entire sample to be measured.

Abstract: The present invention provides a method for obtaining structural information conveniently and rapidly by generating a negative ion without adding an acidic substance to matrix, thereby improving sensitivity of measurement by a mass spectrometer, and by generating structural specific ions with high reproducibility, and a method for screening disease marker and a method for analyzing a sample containing a biomolecule. A method for mass spectrometry of a sugar chain comprising the steps of: preparing a sample containing a sugar chain; labeling the sugar chain with a labeling compound, to obtain a labeled sugar chain; and subjecting the labeled sugar chain to measurement of negative ions by using a MALDI mass spectrometer, thereby conducting analysis of the sugar chain.

Abstract: The present invention provides a method for accurately discriminating between prostate carcinoma and benign prostatic hyperplasia based on a glycan structure of prostate specific antigen (PSA). The method of the present invention includes the steps of: purifying PSA from a sample derived from a subject; preparing a PSA derivative from the PSA; labeling the PSA derivative; and analyzing the labeled PSA derivative by the mass spectrometry method, in which the subject is identified as having prostate carcinoma when the ratio of the signal intensity of fucose-unbound glycan to the signal intensity of fucose-bound glycan in the labeled PSA derivative is greater than 1.0, and identified as having benign prostatic hyperplasia when the ratio is 1.0 or less.

Abstract: The present invention provides a method for detecting a glycan structure of a prostate specific antigen (PSA) rapidly and with high sensitivity and determining prostate carcinoma based on the difference in the structure, in particular, a method for determining between prostate carcinoma and benign prostatic hyperplasia accurately. A method for determining prostate carcinoma, wherein the method includes a step of analyzing a PSA glycan structure in a sample derived from a test subject, and prostate carcinoma is determined in the case that amount of a glycan having LacdiNAc (N-acetylgalactosamine-N-acetylglucosamine) (LacdiNAc(+)) is more than 30% of amount of a glycan not having LacdiNAc but having LacNAc (galacotose-N-acetylglucosamine) (LacdiNAc(?)).

Abstract: An object of the invention is to provide a method for enabling MSn (n>) analysis of a trace amount of a sample and easily and rapidly obtaining structural information by identifying a bonding position of the labeling compound in a molecule with the MSn (n>) analysis. According to the present invention, by labeling a particular moiety of the molecule in a stable manner, ions are easily generated and stabilized, thereby improving sensitivity of the MS. The amount of precursor ions generated in this manner is an amount enough to carry out the MSn (n>1) analysis and to generate structure-specific ions with high reproducibility. The structural information can be easily and rapidly obtained with high sensitivity.

Abstract: The present invention provides a method for obtaining structural information conveniently and rapidly by generating a negative ion without adding an acidic substance to matrix, thereby improving sensitivity of measurement by a mass spectrometer, and by generating structural specific ions with high reproducibility, and a method for screening disease marker and a method for analyzing a sample containing a biomolecule. A method for mass spectrometry of a sugar chain comprising the steps of: preparing a sample containing a sugar chain; labeling the sugar chain with a labeling compound, to obtain a labeled sugar chain; and subjecting the labeled sugar chain to measurement of negative ions by using a MALDI mass spectrometer, thereby conducting analysis of the sugar chain.

Abstract: The present invention provides a method for accurately discriminating between prostate carcinoma and benign prostatic hyperplasia based on a glycan structure of prostate specific antigen (PSA). The method of the present invention includes the steps of: purifying PSA from a sample derived from a subject; preparing a PSA derivative from the PSA; labeling the PSA derivative; and analyzing the labeled PSA derivative by the mass spectrometry method, in which the subject is identified as having prostate carcinoma when the ratio of the signal intensity of fucose-unbound glycan to the signal intensity of fucose-bound glycan in the labeled PSA derivative is greater than 1.0, and identified as having benign prostatic hyperplasia when the ratio is 1.0 or less.

Abstract: An object of the invention is to provide a method for enabling MSn (n>) analysis of a trace amount of a sample and easily and rapidly obtaining structural information by identifying a bonding position of the labeling compound in a molecule with the MSn (n>) analysis. According to the present invention, by labeling a particular moiety of the molecule in a stable manner, ions are easily generated and stabilized, thereby improving sensitivity of the MS. The amount of precursor ions generated in this manner is an amount enough to carry out the MSn (n>1) analysis and to generate structure-specific ions with high reproducibility. The structural information can be easily and rapidly obtained with high sensitivity.