Abstract: A method for preparing a tar extract with aroma characteristics from a discarded cigarette butt includes: (1) adding the discarded cigarette butt to an extraction solvent, and carrying out subcritical fluid extraction to obtain an extraction solution; (2) carrying out vacuum filtration on the extraction solution, and carrying out vacuum distillation on the filtrate to obtain a concentrated extractum; and (3) carrying out molecular distillation on the concentrated extractum, and collecting a light fraction of the molecular distillation to obtain the tar extract with aroma characteristics. Through the subcritical fluid extraction and separation by the molecular distillation to prepare the tar extract, harmful substances in the tar are removed, and the aroma components are retained. The tar extract is applied to a cigarette to improve the aroma, smoke and taste characteristics of the cigarette.

Abstract: A method for preparing a tar extract with aroma characteristics from a discarded cigarette butt includes: (1) adding the discarded cigarette butt to an extraction solvent, and carrying out subcritical fluid extraction to obtain an extraction solution; (2) carrying out vacuum filtration on the extraction solution, and carrying out vacuum distillation on the filtrate to obtain a concentrated extractum; and (3) carrying out molecular distillation on the concentrated extractum, and collecting a light fraction of the molecular distillation to obtain the tar extract with aroma characteristics. Through the subcritical fluid extraction and separation by the molecular distillation to prepare the tar extract, harmful substances in the tar are removed, and the aroma components are retained. The tar extract is applied to a cigarette to improve the aroma, smoke and taste characteristics of the cigarette.

Abstract: The present disclosure provides a method for extracting tar aroma components from a cigarette butt and use of the tar aroma components in a cigarette. The method includes the following steps: (1) adding the cigarette butt to an extraction solvent, and carrying out ultrasound-assisted extraction to obtain an extraction solution; (2) centrifuging the extraction solution, and carrying out vacuum distillation on the supernatant to obtain a concentrated extractum; and (3) carrying out molecular distillation on the concentrated extractum, and collecting a light fraction of the molecular distillation to obtain the tar aroma components. In the present disclosure, the cigarette butt is used as a raw material, through the ultrasound-assisted extraction and separation by the molecular distillation to extract the tar, harmful substances in the tar are removed, and the aroma components are retained.

Abstract: A method for preparing a tar extract from a discarded cigarette butt and use of the tar extract in a cigarette includes the following steps: (1) adding the discarded cigarette butt to an extraction solvent, and carrying out microwave-assisted extraction to obtain an extraction solution; and (2) centrifuging the extraction solution, carrying out silica gel column chromatography on the supernatant, carrying out elution by using a petroleum ether-ethyl acetate mixed solution as a mobile phase, and collecting the resulting elution fraction to obtain the tar extract. In the method, the tar is extracted from the discarded cigarette butt as a raw material. Through the microwave-assisted extraction and separation by the silica gel column chromatography, harmful substances in the tar of the cigarette butt are removed, and the components with aroma characteristics are retained, and the tar extract is applied to a low-end cigarette.

Abstract: Provided is a method that may be used for privacy protection. The method comprises: generating a pseudonym at a user equipment in association with sensed data; calculating a unique value based upon the pseudonym using a first algorithm; sending the unique value and the sensed data to a server; receiving from the server a certificate, wherein the certificate is calculated based at least in part on the unique value using a second algorithm; and sending at least the pseudonym and the certificate to a certification center via a secure channel, for obtaining a reward associated with the sensed data; wherein the certification center is internal or external to the server. By this method, a user's identify may be protected.

Abstract: Embodiments of the present invention disclose a method and apparatus for participating in sensing data collection. The method comprises: for each of multiple user equipments, calculating probabilities that the user equipment is located in respective subareas of a predetermined area at a predetermined time by using historical movement information of the user equipment; determining types of sensing data to be collected when the user equipment is located in the respective subareas, based on capability information of the user equipment for collecting sensing data; and obtaining a utility value of the user equipment associated with sensing data collection within the predetermined area, based on the probabilities calculated for the respective subareas and the determined types of sensing data. The method further comprises selecting one or more user equipments from the multiple user equipments for collection of participatory sensing data, based on multiple utility values obtained for the multiple user equipments.

Abstract: Provided is a method that may be used for privacy protection. The method comprises: generating a pseudonym at a user equipment in association with sensed data; calculating a unique value based upon the pseudonym using a first algorithm; sending the unique value and the sensed data to a server; receiving from the server a certificate, wherein the certificate is calculated based at least in part on the unique value using a second algorithm; and sending at least the pseudonym and the certificate to a certification center via a secure channel, for obtaining a reward associated with the sensed data; wherein the certification center is internal or external to the server. By this method, a user's identify may be protected.