Abstract: Provided is a measuring method capable of accurately measuring the surface temperature of a surface to be measured, uninfluenced by the emissivity distribution of the surface to be measured. A surface to be measured having an emissivity distribution, a radiometer that measures a radiance distribution of the surface to be measured, and an auxiliary heat source installed in a specular reflection position from the radiometer with respect to the surface to be measured are prepared, radiances of two places having different emissivities of the surface to be measured are measured at two different auxiliary-heat-source temperatures, a reflectance ratio of the two places having the different emissivities is calculated on the basis of two measured radiances of the two places having the different emissivities, and temperature of the surface to be measured is obtained using reflectance ratio and measured radiances of the two places having different emissivities.

Abstract: An optical member related to the present application includes a metal substrate or inorganic carbon substrate having a rough surface on at least a part, and the metal substrate or inorganic carbon substrate does not melt at a growth temperature of a carbon nanostructure, an inorganic material layer containing inorganic fine particles comprised from a metal oxide and the inorganic material layer being formed on the rough surface of the metal substrate or the inorganic carbon substrate; a catalyst metal fine particle layer supported on the inorganic material layer; and a carbon nanostructure formed on the catalyst metal fine particle layer. The material of the metal substrate may be a metal selected from a group comprising of Ti, Zr, Hf, V, Nb, Ta, Cr, Mo, W, Pd, Pt, Cu, Au and Ag or an alloy of these as a main component, an isotropic graphite or glassy carbon.

Abstract: An electrode member has a plurality of spherical electrode sections wherein the radiuses of the spherical sections are different from each other. The spherical electrode sections are disposed in a state wherein the center points of the respective spheres match each other and the spherical electrode sections are insulated from each other such that voltages can be independently applied thereto. Electron-passing openings for electrons, which move from the center point to the outside of the electrode member, are formed at positions where the spherical electrode sections and a plurality of straight lines radially extending from the center point intersect each other.

Abstract: The present invention provides a measuring method and a measuring system that are capable of accurately measuring the surface temperature of a surface to be measured, without being influenced by the emissivity distribution of the surface to be measured.

Abstract: Disclosed is an electrode member which has spherical sections, each of which configures a part of a sphere, and a plurality of spherical electrode sections wherein the radiuses of the spherical sections are different from each other. The spherical electrode sections are disposed in a state wherein the center points of the respective spheres match each other and the spherical electrode sections are insulated from each other such that voltages can be independently applied thereto. Electron-passing openings for straightly taking out electrons, which are moving from the center point, to the outside of the electrode are formed at positions where the spherical electrode sections and a plurality of straight lines radially extending from the center point intersect each other.