Abstract: A semiconductor device includes first power supply lines arranged in a first direction and extended in a second direction, second power supply lines arranged in the second direction and extended in the first direction, power gating switches, and taps, Each of the power gating switches is connected with one of the first power supply lines and at least two of the second power supply lines. Each of the taps is connected with one of the first power supply lines or one of the second power supply lines. One of the power gating switches closest to a first power gating switch is a second power gating switch, one of the taps closest to the first power gating switch is a first tap, and at least one of the second power gating switch and the first tap is spaced from the first power gating switch in a third direction.

Abstract: A semiconductor device includes bumps and a plurality of input/output areas on a substrate. Each of the input/output areas include semiconductor elements on the substrate, lower wiring patterns connected to the semiconductor elements, and input/output pins above and connected to the lower wiring patterns. The semiconductor elements provide a logic circuit and a protection circuit. The bumps are above the lower wiring patterns and connected to the input/output pins by upper wiring patterns. The input/output areas include a first input/output area and a second input/output area. The input/output areas includes a first circuit area including the electrostatic discharge protection circuit and a second circuit area including the logic circuit. In the first input/output area, the input/output pin is in the first circuit area. In the second input/output area, the input/output pin is in the second circuit area.

Abstract: A semiconductor device includes bumps and a plurality of input/output areas on a substrate. Each of the input/output areas include semiconductor elements on the substrate, lower wiring patterns connected to the semiconductor elements, and input/output pins above and connected to the lower wiring patterns. The semiconductor elements provide a logic circuit and a protection circuit. The bumps are above the lower wiring patterns and connected to the input/output pins by upper wiring patterns. The input/output areas include a first input/output area and a second input/output area. The input/output areas includes a first circuit area including the electrostatic discharge protection circuit and a second circuit area including the logic circuit. In the first input/output area, the input/output pin is in the first circuit area. In the second input/output area, the input/output pin is in the second circuit area.

Abstract: A semiconductor device includes a substrate, input/output areas in a first direction and a second direction, parallel to an upper surface of the substrate and intersecting to each other, the input/output areas each including semiconductor elements providing an input/output circuit, lower wiring patterns connected to the semiconductor elements, and input/output pins connected to the lower wiring patterns, and bumps connected to the input/output pins by upper wiring patterns on the same layer as the input/output pins. The input/output areas include a first input/output area and a second input/output area, and each of the first input/output area and the second input/output area includes a first area and a second area sequentially in the first direction, and in the first input/output area, the input/output pin is in the first area, and in the second input/output area, the input/output pin is in the second area.

Abstract: A semiconductor device includes first power supply lines arranged in a first direction and extended in a second direction, second power supply lines arranged in the second direction and extended in the first direction, power gating switches, and taps, Each of the power gating switches is connected with one of the first power supply lines and at least two of the second power supply lines. Each of the taps is connected with one of the first power supply lines or one of the second power supply lines. One of the power gating switches closest to a first power gating switch is a second power gating switch, one of the taps closest to the first power gating switch is a first tap, and at least one of the second power gating switch and the first tap is spaced from the first power gating switch in a third direction.

Abstract: Disclosed is a module system for a microbial fuel cell used in the field of a microbial fuel cell, in which a plurality of unit cells electrically connected to each other in series cannot share an anode part solution. In the module system for the microbial fuel cell, the unit cells are electrically connected to each other in series, so that power is produced in a commercial scale. An anode part is given to each individual cell, so that voltage drop does not occur. The unit cells share an anode part solution together, so that the module system for the microbial fuel cell is simply designed. The module system for the microbial fuel cell is applicable when effectively producing power in the commercial scale.

Abstract: Disclosed herein are an electrolyte-membraneless microbial fuel cell, in-series stack thereof, and in-parallel combination thereof. According to various implementation examples, problems relating to scaling up and modularization are overcome, and problems relating to using an electrolyte membrane are solved.

Abstract: Provided are a three electrode type microbial fuel cell and a method of operating the same. The fuel cell includes a sediment electrode acting as an anode and placed in sediment on the bottom of a contaminated water zone, an intermediate electrode acting as an anode or a cathode and placed in water, and an floating electrode acting as a cathode and placed adjacent to a water surface. In the three electrode type microbial fuel cell, the intermediate electrode may be used as an anode or a cathode according to the concentration of organic contaminants in water of the contaminated water zone, so that the fuel cell can continue to generate electricity in any case where the organic contaminants are present in or removed from the water.

Abstract: Disclosed herein are an electrolyte-membraneless microbial fuel cell, in-series stack thereof, and in-parallel combination thereof. According to various implementation examples, problems relating to scaling up and modularization are overcome, and problems relating to using an electrolyte membrane are solved.

Abstract: Provided is a floating-type microbial fuel cell capable of effectively generating energy from organic contaminants of contaminated waters. The floating-type microbial fuel cell includes a cathode, an anode electrically connected to the cathode, and a floating unit connected to the cathode and/or the anode and floatable in a substrate solution, wherein the cathode is positioned at a region in the substrate solution having a dissolved oxygen concentration higher than that of a region at which the anode is positioned, and the anode is positioned at a region in the substrate solution having an amount of electrons generated by microorganisms larger than that of a region at which the cathode is positioned.

Abstract: Disclosed is a module system for a microbial fuel cell used in the field of a microbial fuel cell, in which a plurality of unit cells electrically connected to each other in series cannot share an anode part solution. In the module system for the microbial fuel cell, the unit cells are electrically connected to each other in series, so that power is produced in a commercial scale. An anode part is given to each individual cell, so that voltage drop does not occur. The unit cells share an anode part solution together, so that the module system for the microbial fuel cell is simply designed. The module system for the microbial fuel cell is applicable when effectively producing power in the commercial scale.

Abstract: Provided are a three electrode type microbial fuel cell and a method of operating the same. The fuel cell includes a sediment electrode acting as an anode and placed in sediment on the bottom of a contaminated water zone, an intermediate electrode acting as an anode or a cathode and placed in water, and an floating electrode acting as a cathode and placed adjacent to a water surface. In the three electrode type microbial fuel cell, the intermediate electrode may be used as an anode or a cathode according to the concentration of organic contaminants in water of the contaminated water zone, so that the fuel cell can continue to generate electricity in any case where the organic contaminants are present in or removed from the water.

Abstract: Provided is a floating-type microbial fuel cell capable of effectively generating energy from organic contaminants of contaminated waters. The floating-type microbial fuel cell includes a cathode, an anode electrically connected to the cathode, and a floating unit connected to the cathode and/or the anode and floatable in a substrate solution, wherein the cathode is positioned at a region in the substrate solution having a dissolved oxygen concentration higher than that of a region at which the anode is positioned, and the anode is positioned at a region in the substrate solution having an amount of electrons generated by microorganisms larger than that of a region at which the cathode is positioned.