Abstract: The subject innovation relates to a device for determining the concentration of a base and here especially hydrogen carbonate, whereby the device contains at least one pH indicator, at least one solid acid, and a mixture of at least one anionic surfactant and one nonionic surfactant. In addition, the subject innovation relates to a method for measuring the base concentration using the device according the subject innovation and a method for increasing the sensitivity of a testing device.

Abstract: A device is provided for determining total chlorine in liquids, the device including an indicator carrier that is impregnated with a color indicator that contains Michler's thioketone, the indicator carrier additionally containing as a color indicator at least one azine as well as an iodide, in particular potassium iodide and/or sodium iodide.

Abstract: A method is provided for operating a combined cycle power plant including a CO2 capture system and flue gas recirculation system. The method includes controlling a flue gas recirculation rate and a re-cooling temperature of the recirculated flue gases, depending on load, to optimize the overall plant efficiency including the CO2 capture system. Also provided is a combined cycle power plant including a CO2 capture system and flue gas recirculation system. The plant being configured to carry out a method in which a flue gas recirculation rate and a re-cooling temperature of recirculated flue gases is controlled depending on load to optimize the overall plant efficiency including the CO2 capture system.

Abstract: Power plant characteristics are operated in a flexible manner by controlling the power consumption of a CO2 capture and compression system. The impact of CO2 capture and compression on the capacity of a power plant can be minimized to maximize the electric power the plant can deliver to the power grid and the impact of CO2 capture and compression on the average plant efficiency can be reduced, by an operating method and a power plant, in which the power consumption of the CO2 capture system is used to control the net output of the plant.

Abstract: Power plant characteristics are operated in a flexible manner by controlling the power consumption of a CO2 capture and compression system. The impact of CO2 capture and compression on the capacity of a power plant can be minimized to maximize the electric power the plant can deliver to the power grid and the impact of CO2 capture and compression on the average plant efficiency can be reduced, by an operating method and a power plant, in which the power consumption of the CO2 capture system is used to control the net output of the plant.

Abstract: The present invention relates to an apparatus for determining total chlorine in liquids, the apparatus comprising an indicator carrier that is impregnated with a color indicator that contains Michler's thioketone, the indicator carrier additionally containing as a color indicator at least one azine as well as an iodide, in particular potassium iodide and/or sodium iodide.

Abstract: A gas turbine unit as well as a method for operating a gas turbine with high-pressure turbine and a low-pressure turbine unit are disclosed. A very quick and at the same time easily controllable augmentation or reduction of the shaft power of the gas turbine unit can be achieved by providing at least one liquid droplet injection device on the upstream side of said compressor for injecting liquid into the stream of intake air in order to increase the shaft power generated by the gas turbine unit. The amount of water mass flow corresponding to the desired increase or decrease of shaft power output of the gas turbine unit is added or reduced in the form of liquid droplets in a substantially stepless manner and immediately within a time interval that is determined by the design characteristics of the liquid droplet injection device.

Abstract: In a method for operating a gas turbine plant (10) with a compressor (11) for the compression of combustion air sucked in from the surroundings, with a combustion chamber (15) for generating hot gas by the combustion of a fuel with compressed combustion air, and with a turbine (12), in which the hot gas from the combustion chamber (15) is expanded so as to perform work, temperatures and pressures are measured at various points in the gas turbine plant (10), and a combustion chamber exit temperature is derived from the measured temperatures and pressures and used for controlling the gas turbine plant (10). Improved temperature determination is achieved in that the composition of the gas, in particular the water content in the exhaust gas of the turbine (12), is determined, and in that the specific water content in the exhaust gas of the turbine (12) is taken into account in deriving the combustion chamber exit temperature.

Abstract: A gas turbine group comprises a device, arranged in a suction-intake duct, for cooling a suction-intake airflow. The device is, for example, a device for injecting a liquid mass flow. The cooling device is activated automatically when a first limit temperature of the ambient air is overshot and is deactivated automatically when a second limit temperature is undershot. Stability of the automatic algorithm can be improved in that the second limit temperature can lie by a specific amount below the first limit temperature. In one embodiment, the limit temperatures are predetermined as a function of the position of an adjustable initial guide blade cascade.

Abstract: A gas turbine unit and method of operation thereof are disclosed. A very quick and easily controllable augmentation or reduction of shaft power produced by the gas turbine unit, in particular of large gas turbine units exhibiting a pressure ratio larger than 15 bar, is achieved by providing at least one liquid droplet injection device on the upstream side of the compressor for injecting liquid into the stream of intake air. The injection device allows the addition of liquid mass flow in the form of liquid droplets corresponding to the desired increase of shaft power. The amount of water mass flow corresponding to the desired increase or decrease of shaft power output is added or reduced in a substantially stepless manner immediately within a time interval determined by design characteristics of the injection device. Water mass flow is preferentially injected substantially across the entire cross-section of the intake air guide.

Abstract: In a method for operating a gas turbine centre in the vicinity of the group nominal full-load conditions, the cooling of the working fluid before and/or during the compression is set in such a way that the respectively attainable full-load power is above the current power. Rapid power demands can therefore be rapidly satisfied by an increase in the turbine inlet temperature or by opening an adjustable inlet guide vane row, whereas the control of the cooling effect, which has a tendency to be more sluggish, is employed to adjust the full-load operating point.

Abstract: A gas turbine group is provided with at least one cooling apparatus for cooling the working medium before and/or during the compression. The cooling power of the cooling apparatus can be adjusted by suitable means. A controller controls the cooling power of the cooling apparatus as a function of a control deviation in the useful power of the gas turbine group. The cooling controller interacts with other controllers of the gas turbine group in such a way that the gas turbine group is itself always operated at least close to its full load operating state. In this context, it is preferable for the inlet guide vane row of the compressor to be maximally open, and for the hot-gas temperature on entry into the turbines to be controlled so that it is constantly at an upper limit value.

Abstract: A gas turbine unit as well as a method for operating a gas turbine with high-pressure turbine and a low-pressure turbine unit are disclosed. A very quick and at the same time easily controllable augmentation or reduction of the shaft power of the gas turbine unit can be achieved by providing at least one liquid droplet injection device on the upstream side of said compressor for injecting liquid into the stream of intake air in order to increase the shaft power generated by the gas turbine unit. The amount of water mass flow corresponding to the desired increase or decrease of shaft power output of the gas turbine unit is added or reduced in the form of liquid droplets in a substantially stepless manner and immediately within a time interval that is determined by the design characteristics of the liquid droplet injection device.

Abstract: A gas turbine unit and method of operation thereof are disclosed. A very quick and easily controllable augmentation or reduction of shaft power produced by the gas turbine unit, in particular of large gas turbine units exhibiting a pressure ratio larger than 15 bar, is achieved by providing at least one liquid droplet injection device on the upstream side of the compressor for injecting liquid into the stream of intake air. The injection device allows the addition of liquid mass flow in the form of liquid droplets corresponding to the desired increase of shaft power. The amount of water mass flow corresponding to the desired increase or decrease of shaft power output is added or reduced in a substantially stepless manner immediately within a time interval determined by design characteristics of the injection device. Water mass flow is preferentially injected substantially across the entire cross-section of the intake air guide.

Abstract: A process is provided for the control of the amount of cooling air of a gas turbine set. Suitable means are provided in the cooling system to enable the amount of cooling air to be varied. The control of this means takes place in dependence on an operating parameter (X). This operating parameter is made dependent on the fuel type used.

Abstract: The invention relates to a flame-monitoring device in which an a.c. input voltage (U1) is limited to a voltage limit (U2) by means of a voltage limiter (4). Said voltage limit (U2) is applied to a flame sensing device (7) which operates by means of the rectifying effect of a flame, and through which a current (i) flows, especially when a flame (6) is present. An asymmetric voltage limit (U2) can be defined by said voltage limiter (4), said limit being then applied to the sensing device (7).

Abstract: A process for reinforcing slopes, in which the strength of the slope can be calculated and is durable, and damaging after-effects are avoided. Live plants and/or plant parts forming adventitious roots are used for this purpose, and their minimum diameter, their depth of introduction and modular dimension are determined by means of calculation methods known from soil mechanics depending on the slope angle and the properties of the material of the slope.

Abstract: An automatic furnace comprises an actuator for an electric igniter. The electric igniter has a distinctly lower standard voltage, e.g., 120 V, than the network voltage, e.g., 230 V and is operated by the network voltage. The network voltage is fed into the power regulator before the igniter. The power regulator clocks the network voltage with an adjustable keying ratio, so that only part of the full wave trains of the network voltage becomes active at the electric igniter. In an advantageous embodiment, the keying ratio is variegated by the actual level of the network voltage.

Abstract: A method and device for shaping tubular workpieces from thermoplastic placs is disclosed. In the method, the workpiece to be shaped is inserted into a mold, heat is applied from the interior of the workpiece to heat the workpiece to the softening temperature of the plastic, this temperature is maintained until the workpiece assumes the shape of the mold, and the workpiece is left in the mold until it has cooled off. A flexible heating core is used to apply heat to the interior of the workpiece. The heating core has an insulating jacket with a sliding layer on its outer wall and a heating conductor winding located within the insulating jacket. A stress relief extends lengthwise in the middle of the heating core and outward of the heating core at one end. A receptacle is provided at the other end of the heating core for the stress relief.

Abstract: A tubular filter element consisting of a filter leaf which is pleated and connected at both its fold ends to a hollow cylindrical filter body (F) both of whose front surfaces are sealed by end caps (11, 13), one end cap (13) of which opens, as a connection cap, the hollow core (10') for communication with a housing space (3) of a surrounding housing, the force flow guidance of the fluid to be treated takes place along the folds (10) through a tube (6', 5) which extends through the hollow core (10') of the filter body (F), rests on the fold edges of the filter body (F), is open at one end in the area of the fold range functioning as outlet or inlet (20), is tapered in the area of the fold range functioning as inlet or outlet (21) and forms a connection (5) for the recirculating flow of fluid coaxially to the connection cap (3) for the flow of fluid to be treated which cap establishes the housing communication.