Abstract: The invention relates to a process for the preparation of concentrated storage-stable aqueous solutions of yellow azo- and azoxystilbene dyes which are obtained by self-condensation of 4-nitrotoluene-2-sulfonic acid in the presence of an alkali metal hydroxide, by converting the sparingly soluble alkali metal salt of the dye into a water-soluble ammonium salt by double cation exchange via a lipophilic ammonium salt, which process comprises carrying out the double ion exchange in a two-phase system of nitrobenzene/water and using, for the first ion exchange a di- or trialkylamine containing a total of 12 to 40 carbon atoms and, for the second ion exchange, a mono-, di- or trialkanolamine containing 2 to 4 carbon atoms in each alkyl moiety.The concentrated storage-stable dye solutions so obtained are particularly suitable for dyeing paper.

Abstract: A process for measuring the liquid absorption capacity of a powder includes the step of spraying a liquid in the form of a spray cone at a constant throughput from at least one spraying device onto a powder being stirred in the mixing chamber of a mixer, the powder filing between 10 to 80% of the mixing chamber. The torque of the stirrer of the mixer is measured both before and during the spraying step, and from this measurement both a maximum level of the torque and the time difference between the beginning of the spraying step and the time when the maximum level is reached are determined. An amount of liquid absorption of the powder is then determined based upon the liquid mass which is sprayed during that time difference.

Abstract: Quinoline derivatives of the formula ##STR1## where X, n, R.sup.1, R.sup.2 and Y have the meanings given in the description, are used for controlling undesirable plant growth.

Abstract: Reactive dyes of the formula ##STR1## wherein Y is a --CH.dbd.CH.sub.2 or --CH.sub.2 CH.sub.2 --X radical, in which X is a leaving group, and Z is hydrogen, halogen, C.sub.1 -C.sub.4 alkyl, C.sub.1 -C.sub.4 alkoxy or carboxy, and K is the radical of a coupling component which couples at pH.ltoreq.7, are suitable for dyeing and printing textile fibre material and give dyeings and prints of good fastness properties.

Abstract: 3,7-dichloroquinoline derivatives of the formula ##STR1## where R has the meanings given in the disclosure, a process for the preparation thereof, and their use for combating unwanted plant growth.

Abstract: A composition for use in an electro-optical device, particularly a display device, contains anthraquinone pleochroic dye of formula (I): ##STR1## where R.sub.1 is a substituted or unsubstituted amino group or a hydroxy group; R.sub.2 is a hydrogen, a substituted or unsubstituted amino, a hydroxy or a cyano group; each of R.sub.3 and R.sub.4, which are identical or different, is a hydrogen atom, a substituted or unsubstituted amino group, a hydroxy, a nitro or a cyano group; R is a hydrogen or halogen atom or a hydroxy, lower alkyl or lower alkoxy group; n is 1, 2, 3 or 4, the Rs being identical or different when n is 2, 3 or 4; and X is a hydrogen or halogen atom, a hydroxy or mercapto group, a straight, branched or cyclic C.sub.1-16 alkyl radical, a substituted or unsubstituted aryl group or a group of formula OR', OAr, SR', SAr, COOR', COOAr, COO--C.sub.6 H.sub.4 --R', OOCR', OOCAr, OOC--C.sub.6 H.sub.4 --R', CONHR', CONHAr, NHR', NHAr, NHCOR', NHCOAr, OCOOR', OCOOAr, CH.dbd.N--C.sub.6 H.sub.4 --R', N.dbd.

Abstract: New azo dyes are disclosed which are free from sulphonic acid groups and which are optionally quaternized in the coupling component, and mixtures of such dyes, which dyes correspond to the formula ##STR1## wherein X represents chlorine, optionally substituted phenyloxy, phenylmercapto, alkylmercapto, naphthyloxy, naphthylmercapto, or a heterocyclic radical which is bound by way of --O--, --NH-- or --S--, X.sub.1 represents hydrogen, cyano, lower alkoxy, carboxy, optionally branched and/or substituted alkyl having 1 to 12 carbon atoms, optionally branched and/or substituted lower alkenyl, optionally substituted cycloalkyl, aralkyl having 7 to 10 carbon atoms, aryl, carbamoyl, or a heterocyclic radical, W represents hydrogen, a cyano group, an optionally branched and/or substituted lower alkyl group, an optionally substituted cycloalkyl group, an aralkyl group (having 7 to 10 carbon atoms), an aryl group or the radicals ##STR2## wherein R.sub.1 and R.sub.2 represent lower alkyl, R.sub.

Abstract: A liquid crystal mixture intended for electrooptical displays having no polarizers, consisting of:a nematic liquid crystal as the host phase;an optically active additive to give the host phase a cholesteric structure; andat least one pleochroic anthraquinone dye as the guest phase dissolved in the host phase, said anthraquinone dye having the formula: ##STR1## wherein R.sup.2, R.sup.3 and R.sup.4 are the same or different substituents and are selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, hydroxyl, amino, and short-chain N-monoalkylamino substituents; Y represents halogen, alkyl or alkoxy groups each with 1-16 carbon atoms, amino, alkylamino groups with 1-16 carbon atoms in the alkyl portion, nitro, or hydroxyl group; X represents halogen, amino or the group R.sup.5, wherein R.sup.5 is an alkyl group with 1-18 carbon atoms, an alkyl chain with 1-18 carbon atoms that is interrupted with one or two oxy groups or a group having the formula:--(CH.sub.2).sub.p --(O--C.sub.2 H.sub.4).sub.r --O--R.sup.

Abstract: A process for the reductive removal of halogen atoms from amino-, acylamino- or hydroxyanthraquinones, said halogen atoms being bonded in the .alpha.-position and/or ortho-position to amino, acylamino or hydroxyl groups, which comprises carrying out the reductive removal in basic medium with hydrazine or hydrazine derivatives.

Abstract: A process for the production of pyranthrones or flavanthrones which comprises reacting substituted or unsubstituted 2,2'-dialkyl-1,1'-dianthraquinonyls or 2,2'-diacylamino-1,1'-dianthraquinonyls respectively in a two-phase system of aqueous organic solvents using quaternary ammonium or phosphonium compounds as catalysts.

Abstract: A process for dyeing synthetic textile material in a halogenated hydrocarbons solvent by the exhaust process, comprising the use, for dyeing, of azopyridone dyestuffs of formula I ##STR1## wherein R.sub.1 and R.sub.2 each independently represent hydrogen, or an optionally substituted lower alkyl, lower alkenyl, cycloalky or aryl radical, orR.sub.1 and R.sub.2 form together with the nitrogen atom binding them, optionally with the inclusion of a further hetero atom, a non-aromatic 5- or 6-membered hetero ring,X represents halogen, the cyano or nitro group,Y represents hydrogen, or a lower alkyl group optionally substituted by the hydroxyl or cyano group, andZ represents --CO-- or --SO.sub.2 --.

Abstract: A Process is described for the pretreatment or finishing of materials with processing agents dissolved or dispersed in water or in organic solvents, wherein the portion of the treatment liquor or of the pretreatment liquor containing the processing agent constitutes the volumetrically smaller part, and the remaining portion of this treatment liquor consists of at least one inert organic compound selected from a water-insoluble, aliphatic, cycloaliphatic and aromatic compound which is perfluorinated or mixed-halogenated, or which contains a perfluorinated or mixed-halogenated radical which compounds are immiscible with the treatment liquor; and wherein the liquor optionally contains additional auxiliaries that do not form an emulsion with the inert organic compound, and the system is very thoroughly mixed during the pretreatment or finishing process.