Abstract: According to various embodiments, a circuit for determining the frequency of a signal is described, comprising an input configured to receive an analog input signal, an analog to digital converter configured to convert the analog input signal to a digital input signal, a digital mixer configured to generate a mixing result signal by mixing the digital input signal with a single bit binary signal having a reference frequency, a low pass filter configured to generate a filtered signal by filtering the mixing result signal, a measuring circuit configured to measure the period of the filtered signal and an output configured to output a value differing from the frequency of the single bit binary signal by the inverse of the measured period as the frequency to be determined.

Abstract: In known methods for producing a glass component, a void-containing intermediate product containing doped or non-doped SiO2 is inserted into a sheath tube composed of glass, which has a longitudinal axis and an inner bore, and is thermally treated therein. In order to subject the intermediate product to a thermal and/or reactive treatment that is reproducible and uniform in its effect from this starting point, it is proposed in one embodiment that into the sheath tube's inner bore a first gas-permeable gas diffuser is inserted which is displaceable along the sheath tube's longitudinal axis and is pressed against the intermediate product during the thermal treatment.

Abstract: In known methods for producing a glass component, a void-containing intermediate product containing doped or non-doped SiO2 is inserted into a sheath tube composed of glass, which has a longitudinal axis and an inner bore, and is thermally treated therein. In order to subject the intermediate product to a thermal and/or reactive treatment that is reproducible and uniform in its effect from this starting point, it is proposed in one embodiment that into the sheath tube's inner bore a first gas-permeable gas diffuser is inserted which is displaceable along the sheath tube's longitudinal axis and is pressed against the intermediate product during the thermal treatment.

Abstract: An assembly includes first and second ropes and a suspension element. The first rope is securable to a first attachment in a work area. A person can be coupled to the first rope. The second rope is available for lowering the person. The suspension element is secured in a securing region. A force-transmitting coupling is creatable between the second rope and the suspension element. The first and second ropes are coupled to each other over a first lowering region. The second rope is decoupleable non-destructively from the first rope from an end of the first lowering region. A person can be lowered in a second lowering region by the second rope. The weight of the person in the second lowering region is transferable from the second rope via the suspension element to the securing region.

Abstract: Provided is a set of mass labels, each mass label in the set comprising a mass marker moiety attached via a cleavable linker to a mass normalization moiety, each mass label in the set having a common mass; wherein the set comprises a plurality of groups of mass labels, the mass of the mass marker moiety being the same for mass labels within a group, the mass of the mass marker moiety being different between groups; the mass marker moiety is capable of fragmentation into two or three fragments; and the mass of at least one fragment of the mass marker moiety differs between mass labels within a group.

Abstract: Provided is a set of two or more mass labels, each label in the set comprising a mass marker moiety attached via a cleavable linker having at least one amide bond to a mass normalization moiety, wherein the aggregate mass of each label in the set may be the same or different and the mass of the mass marker moiety of each label in the set may be the same or different, and wherein in any group of labels within the set having a mass marker moiety of a common mass each label has an aggregate mass different from all other labels in that group, and wherein in any group of labels within the set having a common aggregate mass each label has a mass marker moiety having a mass different from that of all other mass marker moieties in that group, such that all of the mass labels in the set are distinguishable from each other by mass spectrometry, and wherein the mass marker moiety comprises an amino acid and the mass normalization moiety comprises an amino acid.

Abstract: Provided is a method for characterising an analyte by matrix assisted laser desorption ionisation (MALDI) mass spectrometry, which method comprises: (a) labelling the analyte with a light-absorbing label that absorbs light at a pre-determined frequency, to form a labelled analyte; (b) embedding the labelled analyte in a matrix formed from at least one compound that absorbs light, to form an embedded labelled analyte; (c) desorbing the embedded labelled analyte by exposing it to light having the pre-determined frequency, to form a desorbed analyte; and (d) detecting the desorbed analyte by mass spectrometry to characterise the analyte; wherein the light absorbing label comprises a fluorophore moiety, and wherein prior to detecting by mass spectrometry, the analyte is selected for detection on the basis of its fluorophore moiety.

Abstract: The invention relates to a process for preparing hydroxyindolylglyoxylamides in high yields and particularly pure form.

Abstract: The invention relates to a previously known method for producing synthetic silica glass, comprising the following steps: a gas stream containing a vaporizable initial substance, which can be converted into SiO2 by means of oxidation or flame hydrolysis, is formed; the gas stream is delivered to a reaction zone in which the initial substance is converted so as to form amorphous SiO2 particles; the amorphous SiO2 particles are deposited on a support so as to form an SiO2 layer; and the SiO2 is vitrified during or following deposition of the SiO2 particles in order to obtain the silica glass. The aim of the invention is to create an economical method for producing synthetic silica glass, which is characterized by a favorable damaging behavior towards short-wave UV radiation while being particularly suitable for producing an optical component used for transmitting high-energy ultraviolet radiation having a wavelength of 250 nm or less.

Abstract: A unit carrier for secondary units of a motor vehicle internal combustion engine, having secondary unit attachment devices and engine block attachment devices. The unit carrier has a planned deformation point, which allows a relative displacement between the secondary unit and the engine block in case of a vehicle collision, if a predefined force is exceeded. The unit carrier is used in motor vehicles having a front engine arrangement.

Abstract: Provided is a set of two or more mass labels, each label in the set comprising a mass marker moiety attached via a cleavable linker having at least one amide bond to a mass normalisation moiety, wherein the aggregate mass of each label in the set may be the same or different and the mass of the mass marker moiety of each label in the set may be the same or different, and wherein in any group of labels within the set having a mass marker moiety of a common mass each label has an aggregate mass different from all other labels in that group, and wherein in any group of labels within the set having a common aggregate mass each label has a mass marker moiety having a mass different from that of all other mass marker moieties in that group, such that all of the mass labels in the set are distinguishable from each other by mass spectromety, and wherein the mass marker moiety comprises an amino acid and the mass normalisation moiety comprises an amino acid.

Abstract: A unit carrier for secondary units of a motor vehicle internal combustion engine, having secondary unit attachment devices and engine block attachment devices. The unit carrier has a planned deformation point, which allows a relative displacement between the secondary unit and the engine block in case of a vehicle collision, if a predefined force is exceeded. The unit carrier is used in motor vehicles having a front engine arrangement.

Abstract: The invention relates to a process for preparing hydroxyindolylglyoxylamides in high yields and particularly pure form.

Abstract: The invention relates to novel modifications of the compound 2-amino-4-(4-fluorobenzylamino)-1-ethoxy-carbonylaminobenzene of the processes for their preparation and their use in pharmaceutical compositions.

Abstract: The invention relates to novel modifications of the compound 2-amino-4-(4-fluorobenzylamino)-1-ethoxy-carbonylaminobenzene of the formula I ##STR1## processes for their preparation and their use in pharmaceutical compositions.

Abstract: A process for coating printed circuit boards with a coating composition that is crosslinkable by electromagnetic radiation, especially UV radiation, using the roll coating process, is distinguished by the following process steps:a photopolymerisable, meltable, low-molecular-weight coating composition that is highly viscous to solid at room temperature and has an average molecular weight of preferably from 500 to 1500 is melted and fed to the applicator roll of a roll coating apparatus;the coating composition is coated at a temperature of approximately from 60.degree. to 110.degree. C. and a viscosity of approximately from 1000 to 20000 mPas on to the surface(s) of a printed circuit board in a thickness of approximately from 10 to 200 .mu.m,the surface of the printed circuit board to be coated being pre-heated, prior to coating, to a temperature that is approximately from 10.degree. to 50.degree. C. higher than the application temperature of the coating composition.

Abstract: A process for coating printed circuit boards is described, comprising the following process steps:the printed circuit boards on the coating side are kept at room temperature and, as appropriate, are heated to approximately 120.degree. C.; thenin a first step, a preferably photopolymerisable, meltable, low-molecular-weight coating composition that preferably has an average molecular weight of from 500 to 1500 and that is highly viscous to solid at room temperature is coated in a thickness of approximately from 10 .mu.m to 200 .mu.m on to the surface(s) of the printed circuit board to be coated;in a second step, a second, high-molecular-weight, photopolymerisable coating composition preferably having an average molecular weight of from 2000 to 10000 is applied in a thickness of from 2 .mu.m to 20 .mu.

Abstract: An evaporative cooling system for an internal combustion engine has an equalizing tank which is sealed from the atmosphere and divided by a yielding wall into an air-equalizing chamber and a coolant chamber and which has a low flow-resistance connection to the suction side of a condensate pump.

Abstract: In the embodiment disclosed in the specification an evaporation cooling system for an internal combustion engine heat exchanger avoids valves or the like by providing a liquid-vapor separator in the vapor line between the engine and the main condenser and a bypass line for liquid coolant which bypasses the main condenser leading to a condensate line having a pump. When the temperature of the engine is high enough for coolant to vaporize, the vapor passes through the vapor line and the separator to the main condenser. A heat exchanger for a vehicle heater is disposed in the condensate line so that it always receives all of the coolant in circulation.

Abstract: A fluid metering valve includes a housing; a nozzle opening; a spring diaphragm supported in the housing and hermetically dividing the inner space of the housing into a first chamber and a second chamber; an inlet provided in the housing for introducing pressurized fluid solely into the second chamber; and a valve needle slidably accommodated in the second chamber and having a closed position in which the valve needle maintains the nozzle opening closed and an open position in which the valve needle maintains the nozzle opening open. The valve needle is connected to the spring diaphragm and is resiliently urged by the spring diaphragm into the closed position. The metering valve further has a valve actuating member disposed in the first chamber and having an energized state and a de-energized state. The valve actuating member is connected to the valve needle for moving the valve needle into the open position against a force of the spring diaphragm when the valve actuating member is energized.