Abstract: An apparatus for detecting neutron radiation includes a gamma ray scintillator having an inorganic material with an attenuation length Lg of less than 10 cm for gamma rays of 5 MeV energy to provide for high gamma ray stopping power for energetic gamma rays within the -gamma ray scintillator. The gamma ray scintillator includes components with a product of neutron capture cross section and concentration leading to an absorption length Ln for thermal neutrons which is larger than 0.5 cm but smaller than five times the attenuation length Lg for 5 MeV gammas, the gamma ray scintillator having a diameter or edge length of at least 50% of Lg. The apparatus includes an evaluation device to determine the amount of light, detected by a light detector for one scintillation event The evaluation device classifies detected radiation as neutrons when the measured total gamma energy Esum is above 2,614 MeV.

Abstract: The invention relates to a detector for the measurement of ionizing radiation, preferably ?-radiation and x-rays, comprising a scintillator and a light detector, the light detector being stabilized by using a predefined light source, preferably a Light Emitting Diode (LED), where the length and/or shape of the light pulses of the light source is different from the length and/or shape of the light pulses emitted by the scintillator. The light source induced pulses and the radiation induced pulses are separated from all other pulses on the basis of their pulse width. The detector is additionally stabilized by correcting the measured light output, that is the pulse height of the output signals, of the detector with the detector temperature shift, being dependant from the average pulse width of the accumulated ?-pulses.

Abstract: A method for linearizing a radiation detector is provided, the method including measuring a pulse height spectrum of a predetermined radiation source, identifying at least one spectrum template for the predetermined radiation source, and determining a linearization function by comparing the measured pulse height spectrum with the at least one identified spectrum template. The at least one spectrum template is a predefined synthesized energy spectrum for the predetermined radiation source and for the corresponding radiation detector. Further, a detector for measuring one or more types of radiation is provided, the detector being adapted for transforming the measured pulse height spectrum in an energy-calibrated spectrum, the transformation including a linearization step, where a linearization function used with the linearization step is determined according to the inventive method.

Abstract: The invention relates to a detector for the measurement of ionizing radiation, preferably ?-radiation and x-rays, comprising a scintillator and a light detector, the light detector being stabilized by using a predefined light source, preferably a Light Emitting Diode (LED), where the length and/or shape of the light pulses of the light source is different from the length and/or shape of the light pulses emitted by the scintillator. The light source induced pulses and the radiation induced pulses are separated from all other pulses on the basis of their pulse width. The detector is additionally stabilized by correcting the measured light output, that is the pulse height of the output signals, of the detector with the detector temperature shift, being dependant from the average pulse width of the accumulated ?-pulses.

Abstract: A method for linearizing a radiation detector is provided, the method including measuring a pulse height spectrum of a predetermined radiation source, identifying at least one spectrum template for the predetermined radiation source, and determining a linearization function by comparing the measured pulse height spectrum with the at least one identified spectrum template. The at least one spectrum template is a predefined synthesized energy spectrum for the predetermined radiation source and for the corresponding radiation detector. Further, a detector for measuring one or more types of radiation is provided, the detector being adapted for transforming the measured pulse height spectrum in an energy-calibrated spectrum, the transformation including a linearization step, where a linearization function used with the linearization step is determined according to the inventive method.

Abstract: The invention relates to a detector for measuring nuclear radiation, especially gamma-radiation, comprising a scintillator crystal with a light decay time of less than 100 ns, a silicon drift detector (SDD) for the measurement of both direct hits of low energy radiation and the light, being emitted from the scintillator crystal, the silicon drift detector being mounted between the scintillation crystal and the radiation entry window, a preamplifier, connected to the SDD, electronic devices, being capable of determining the signal rise time of the measured signals and of separating the signals on the basis of said rise time, electronic devices, being capable of separately collecting the energy spectra of SDD and scintillator detection events on the basis of the different rise times.

Abstract: A detector for the measurement of radiation, preferably ionizing radiation, includes a medium, means for the conversion of the radiation energy absorbed by the medium into electrical charge, means for digital sampling of the charge signals, means for the determination of a calibration factor K, and means for the stabilization of the output signals of the detector. The medium at least partly absorbs the radiation to be measured. The electric charge is at least partially proportional to the energy of the radiation. The sampling is done preferably with a sampling rate between 1 and 1000 MHz. Further signal processing is digital. The calibration factor K has a fixed relation with respect to the decay time ? of the medium. The output signals of the detector are mainly proportional to the radiation energy, and are stabilized with the help of the calibration factor K.

Abstract: A detector for the measurement of radiation, preferably ionizing radiation, includes a medium, means for the conversion of the radiation energy absorbed by the medium into electrical charge, means for digital sampling of the charge signals, means for the determination of a calibration factor K, and means for the stabilization of the output signals of the detector. The medium at least partly absorbs the radiation to be measured. The electric charge is at least partially proportional to the energy of the radiation. The sampling is done preferably with a sampling rate between 1 and 1000 MHz. Further signal processing is digital. The calibration factor K has a fixed relation with respect to the decay time ? of the medium. The output signals of the detector are mainly proportional to the radiation energy, and are stabilized with the help of the calibration factor K.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for stabilizing the signals generated by a scintillation detector for measuring radiation, especially ionizing radiation, using the radiation which is at least partially absorbed in the detector, said signals depending on the operating temperature of the detector. According to said method, the temperature-dependent calibration factor K is determined from the signal shape of the signals generated by the radiation to be measured itself.

Abstract: A fuel injector for the injection of fuel into the combustion chamber of an internal combustion engine includes a valve needle guided in a nozzle body, the valve needle being actuable by an actuator and acted upon by a restoring spring in such a manner that a valve-closure member which is in operative connection to the valve needle is retained in sealing contact against a valve-seat surface. Formed at a downstream-side end of the fuel injector is a projection which projects beyond the valve-closure member of the fuel injector.

Abstract: Method for separation of effective pulses and test pulses in scintillation detectors, preferably for detection of ionizing radiation, comprising at least the following method steps: Selecting a pulsed test light source, preferably a pulsed LED, with single test light pulses of which has a chronological sequence of the relative light intensity, which differs from the chronological sequence of the relative light intensity of the measurement light pulses, feeding the test light pulses generated by the test light source into the light detector of the scintillation detector for measurement of the test light pulses by the light detector, analyzing the chronological sequence of the relative light intensities of the pulses measured by the scintillation detector, separating the measured pulses by using the different chronological sequences of the relative light intensities in test light pulses and measurement light pulses.

Abstract: The invention relates to a detector comprising a scintillator, preferably a scintillator crystal, a light detector with at least one photocathode and a photoelectrometer, preferably a photomultiplier or a hybrid photomultiplier, and a light source, preferably an LED, a laser or a laser diode. The inventive detector is characterized in that it is configured in such a manner that the light produced in the scintillator and the light produced in the light source are injected into the light detector in different sites.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a cryo temperature cooling device (1)comprising 5 a tank (2), being filled up at least in part with a coolant (3), and a heat conducting element (4), whereas the heat conducting element (4) can be brought into thermal contact with the coolant (3), so that the coolant has a phase transition occurring below a temperature of ?100° C., so that the cryogenic cooling device more or less consumes no coolant during operation.

Abstract: The invention relates to a dosage form, containing the active ingredient cholylsarcosine, in the form of pellets, which are provided with a polymer coating that is resistant to gastric juices. The invention is characterised in that it discloses pellets comprising an active ingredient, which contain between 50 and 80 wt. % of the active ingredient cholylsarcosine and between 50 and 20 wt. % of one or more conventional pharmaceutical adjuvants as binding agents, whereby at least 90 wt. % of said adjuvants are water-soluble and the size of at least 80 % of the pellets comprising an active ingredient is between 800 and 2,500 $g(m)m. The granulates containing an active ingredient are coated with an anonic, film-forming polymer coating agent, which dissolves in a 0.07M sodium phosphate buffer with a pH value of 5.5 at a dissolution rate of at least 10 mg/min*g and whose dissolution rate in a 0.07M sodium phosphate buffer with a pH value of 6.0 is at least 200 mg/min*g.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for stabilizing the signals generated by a scintillation detector for measuring radiation, especially ionizing radiation, using the radiation which is at least partially absorbed in the detector, said signals depending on the operating temperature of the detector. According to said method, the temperature-dependent calibration factor K is determined from the signal shape of the signals generated by the radiation to be measured itself.

Abstract: A fuel injector, in particular a fuel injector for fuel-injection systems of internal combustion engines, includes a first magnetic coil cooperating with a first armature, a second magnetic coil cooperating with a second armature, and a valve needle which is in force-locking connection with the first armature via a first flange and to the second armature via a second flange, to actuate a valve-closure member. A restoring spring acts upon the valve needle in a closing direction of the fuel injector. A first positioning spring, situated between the first flange and the first armature, acts upon the first armature in the closing direction of the fuel injector, while a second positioning spring, situated between the second flange and the second armature, acts upon the second armature in an opening direction of the fuel injector.

Abstract: A fuel injector (1) for the injection of fuel into the combustion chamber of an internal combustion engine includes a valve needle (4) guided in a nozzle body (3), the valve needle (4) being actuable by an actuator (7) and acted upon by a restoring spring (9) in such a manner that a valve-closure member (5) which is in operative connection to the valve needle (4) is retained in sealing contact against a valve-seat surface (6). Formed at a downstream-side end (13) of the fuel injector (1) is a projection (14) which projects beyond the valve-closure member (5) of the fuel injector (1).

Abstract: A fuel injector (1), in particular a fuel injector (1) for fuel-injection systems of internal combustion engines, comprises a first magnetic coil (2) cooperating with a first armature (3), a second magnetic coil (4) cooperating with a second armature (5), and a valve needle (14) which is in force-locking connection with the first armature (3) via a first flange (12) and to the second armature (5) via a second flange (13), to actuate a valve-closure member. A restoring spring (17) acts upon the valve needle (14) in a closing direction of the fuel injector (1). A first positioning spring (15), situated between the first flange (12) and the first armature (3), acts upon the first armature (3) in the closing direction of the fuel injector (1), while a second positioning spring (16), situated between the second flange (13) and the second armature (5), acts upon the second armature (5) in an opening direction of the fuel injector (1).

Abstract: A system for processing the signals from a gamma or other radiation detector through a charge-sensitive preamplifier, makes use of a fast analog to digital converter at the input, preferably downstream of an anti-aliasing filter, and circuitry for the deconvolution of the signal in which the preamplifier transfer function is convoluted with the charge distribution function The deconvolution results which are free from any charge related to any radiation event are averaged and subtracted from the averaged value of the deconvolution results, which results contain completely the charge of the event under processing, and the subtracted signal through a register provides the output. The system represents a significant improvement with respect to the ballistic deficit suppression and with respect to the noise index-counting rate factor allowing a significant improvement in the counting rate for a given noise level or a higher resolution for a given counting rate.

Abstract: A headlamp for motor vehicles has a reflector, a gas discharge lamp, a front plate covering a light exit opening of the headlamp, and a filter arranged in a beam path of light beams reflected by the reflector and light beams transmitted directly to the front plate and at least partially absorbing light in a UV wavelength region.