Abstract: The invention relates to a control system for a copper extraction process having at least a leaching phase, a solvent extraction phase and an electrowinning phase, the leaching phase comprising a post leach thickener. The control system comprises first measuring units to measure volume and total suspended solids in an influent of the post leach thickener, and at least one second measuring unit to measure at least total suspended solids relating to effluent of the post leach thickener. The control system comprises also a control unit to receive measurements of the first measuring units and the second measuring units. The control unit forms a control signal to a polymer dosing into the influent of the post leach thickener, and another control signal to an organic solvent dosing in the solvent extraction phase.

Abstract: The inventive control system can be built using different measurement units and control units. What units are used for building the control system depends on the wastewater treatment plant. This kind of system structure makes it possible to construct a control system that suits for a specific wastewater treatment plant. Therefore, the invention makes it possible to build a control system for different wastewater treatment plants, in such a way that the wastewater plant operates more efficiently.

Abstract: The invention relates to a microbial fuel cell arrangement comprising a cell reactor. The cell reactor comprises a membrane, which has an active surface and a support surface, as well as a pore size of ?10 nm and/or a divalent ion rejection of ?50%; an anode and a cathode, which are connected with each other through an external electrical circuit; an influent inlet for liquid medium arranged at the active surface side of the membrane and at least one permeate outlet arranged at the support surface side of the membrane; an influent line connected to the influent inlet; a concentrate outlet, arranged at the active surface side of the membrane and connected to a concentrate line; and pressurisation means for creating pressure difference between the active surface side and support surface side of the membrane. The invention relates also to a method for operating a microbial fuel cell.

Abstract: A method for removing humic substances comprising lignin, other lignin type compounds and their disintegration products from an aqueous alkaline waste water from a bleaching of chemical pulp, which method comprises —obtaining an aqueous alkaline waste water comprising humic substances such as dissolved lignin, and —adding a high cationic starch having a charge density value of at least 1.8 meq/g dry matter of starch derivates determined at pH 7-7.5 to the alkaline waste water to precipitate humic substances.

Abstract: The invention relates to a microbial fuel cell arrangement comprising a cell reactor. The cell reactor comprises a membrane, which has an active surface and a support surface, as well as a pore size of ?10 nm and/or a divalent ion rejection of ?50%; an anode and a cathode, which are connected with each other through an external electrical circuit; an influent inlet for liquid medium arranged at the active surface side of the membrane and at least one permeate outlet arranged at the support surface side of the membrane; an influent line connected to the influent inlet; a concentrate outlet, arranged at the active surface side of the membrane and connected to a concentrate line; and pressurisation means for creating pressure difference between the active surface side and support surface side of the membrane. The invention relates also to a method for operating a microbial fuel cell.

Abstract: The invention relates to a microbial fuel cell, which comprises a cell reactor, a cathode arranged on a cathode side of the cell reactor, and an anode arranged on an anode side of the cell reactor. The cathode and anode are connected with each other through an external circuit. Further the cell reactor comprises a proton permeable membrane, which is arranged between the anode and cathode, and which divides the cell reactor into the anode side and the cathode side. The membrane comprises a membrane core having a pore size of ?10 nm and/or divalent rejection ?50% and a hydrophilic polymeric surface layer on at least one side of the membrane core and attached permanently to the membrane core. The invention relates also to the use of the microbial fuel cell.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for optimising material recovery in a chemical pulping process. The method comprises treating of cellulosic raw material with cooking chemicals in a cooking step, where lignin is at least partly dissolved into cooking liquid phase and separated from fibres. The lignin is separated from the cooking liquid phase. The separated lignin is used for formation of a treatment composition comprising at the most 1 weight-% of aluminium. A bleaching liquid phase is treated with the treatment composition in order to remove organic humic substances from the bleaching liquid. Organic sludge is formed and it is used for energy production in a chemical recovery step.

Abstract: A method for removing humic substances comprising lignin, other lignin type compounds and their disintegration products from an aqueous alkaline waste water from a bleaching of chemical pulp, which method comprises—obtaining an aqueous alkaline waste water comprising humic substances such as dissolved lignin, and—adding a high cationic starch having a charge density value of at least 1.8 meq/g dry matter of starch derivates determined at pH 7-7.5 to the alkaline waste water to precipitate humic substances.

Abstract: An electrolyte membrane suitable for use in an electrochemical cell is described. It comprises a polymer electrolyte body and at least one metal oxide thin film layer on at least one surface of the polymer electrolyte body, wherein said metal oxide thin film layer is permeable to protons. Furthermore, the method for preparation and uses thereof are disclosed.