Abstract: An optical flow rate sensor system for a sprayer includes an optical sensor, an optical sensor window within a display housing, a projectile within a drum housing, and vortexing geometry upstream of the projectile. The optical sensor is located adjacent to the optical sensor window. The projectile includes a first section having a first optical absorption value and a second section having a second optical absorption value that is lower than the first optical absorption value. The projectile is configured to revolve around an axis of the drum housing.

Abstract: A flow rate sensor system for an agricultural sprayer includes a drum housing and a central passage housing defining a flow path, a Hall-effect sensor, a Hall-effect sensor window in a display housing, a magnetic carrier within the drum housing, and a magnet positioned in the magnetic carrier. The flow path has a first portion generally parallel to an axis, and a second vortex portion around the axis. The Hall-effect sensor faces the axis. The Hall-effect sensor window is between the Hall-effect sensor and the axis. The magnetic carrier is configured to rotate about the axis. Related methods are also disclosed.

Abstract: A method for detecting rare genomic variants in a population of cells is disclosed. The method can detect de novo mutations in bacteria and analyze the impact of various physiological conditions on mutation rate, even though such effects would be too subtle to detect using other methods. The method can be used for detection of low-frequency subpopulations in the microbiome or in cancer.

Abstract: A method for detecting rare genomic variants in a population of cells is disclosed. The method can detect de novo mutations in bacteria and analyze the impact of various physiological conditions on mutation rate, even though such effects would be too subtle to detect using other methods. The method can be used for detection of low-frequency subpopulations in the microbiome or in cancer.