Abstract: This disclosure describes an electric drive ground transportation vehicle, comprising a first energy storage subsystem and at least one other energy storage subsystem, at least one energy regeneration subsystem, at least one energy management controller, wherein said controller controls the routing of energy between the vehicle's subsystems based on the status, capabilities, and demands of the various subsystems, and the requirements imposed on the vehicle, and said at least one energy regeneration subsystem can regenerate energy in said first energy storage subsystem and/or said at least one other energy storage subsystem while the vehicle is in operation.