Abstract: A low voltage electrochemical cell is provided that includes a metallic anode including an anode metal, a metallic cathode including a cathode metal, the metallic cathode further including a surface layer including an alloy of the anode metal and the cathode metal, an electrolyte disposed between the metallic anode and the metallic cathode, and a separator within the electrolyte or embedded with electrolyte. The electrochemical cell further includes a voltage stabilization electron current between said anode and said cathode, where the voltage stabilization electron current has an amperage capable of maintaining an open load circuit voltage of the electrochemical cell that varies by less than 10 percent over 10 hours or greater, optionally a month or greater, optionally over the cell lifetime, or a non-equilibrium anode metal/cathode metal ratio in the surface layer for 10 hours or greater, optionally a month or greater, optionally over the cell lifetime.

Abstract: A low voltage electrochemical cell is provided that includes a metallic anode including an anode metal, a metallic cathode including a cathode metal, the metallic cathode further including a surface layer including an alloy of the anode metal and the cathode metal, an electrolyte disposed between the metallic anode and the metallic cathode, and a separator within the electrolyte or embedded with electrolyte. The electrochemical cell further includes a voltage stabilization electron current between said anode and said cathode, where the voltage stabilization electron current has an amperage capable of maintaining an open load circuit voltage of the electrochemical cell that varies by less than 10 percent over 10 hours or greater, optionally a month or greater, optionally over the cell lifetime, or a non-equilibrium anode metal/cathode metal ratio in the surface layer for 10 hours or greater, optionally a month or greater, optionally over the cell lifetime.