Abstract: A battery module architecture including a power source is controlled by orientation detection and enablement circuit to recognize physical orientations of the battery module and transition between alternate operative states based on the battery module physical orientation.

Abstract: A battery module architecture including a plurality of battery cells coupled electrically in series and having a combined battery potential proportional to the combined sum of the battery cells is controlled by microcontroller to balance battery cell voltages by a battery cell voltage balancer having a discharging circuit and a plurality of differential conductive connections each respectively coupled to positive and negative terminals of one of the battery cells.

Abstract: A battery module architecture including a plurality of battery cells coupled electrically in series and having a combined battery potential proportional to the combined sum of the battery cells is controlled by microcontroller to balance battery cell voltages by a battery cell voltage balancer having a discharging circuit and a plurality of differential conductive connections each respectively coupled to positive and negative terminals of one of the battery cells.

Abstract: A contactor with a control terminal, first terminal and a second terminal that each extends through the contactor housing, the switch first terminal and the switch second terminal connected to the contactor first terminal and the contactor second terminal, respectively, and the switch control input coupled to the contactor control terminal and capable of allowing or prohibiting current flow between the contactor first terminal and the contactor second terminal.

Abstract: A battery module architecture including a plurality of battery cells coupled electrically in series and having a combined battery potential proportional to the combined sum of the battery cells is controlled by microcontroller to balance battery cell voltages by a battery cell voltage balancer having a discharging circuit and a plurality of differential conductive connections each respectively coupled to positive and negative terminals of one of the battery cells.

Abstract: A battery module housing assembly including an interior housing wall having a tapered housing interior edge acutely angled relative to the vertical, a frame having a tapered frame edge also acutely angled relative to the vertical and aligned and positioned for longitudinal contact with the tapered housing interior edge. During assembly, the tapered frame edge longitudinally contacts and slides against the tapered housing interior edge and guides the frame and battery cell therein to a fixed position against the interior housing wall.

Abstract: A battery module architecture including a plurality of battery cells coupled electrically in series and having a combined battery potential proportional to the combined sum of the battery cells is controlled by microcontroller to balance battery cell voltages by a battery cell voltage balancer having a discharging circuit and a plurality of differential conductive connections each respectively coupled to positive and negative terminals of one of the battery cells.

Abstract: An electronic apparatus (1) for training an animal is supported against the animal's skin, and includes stimulus electrodes (5) for electrically contacting the skin. A controller including output terminals producing aversive stimulus control signals, a first switch (Q4) coupled to a winding to produce therein a burst of first current pulses in response to a first signal produced by the controller (33) and a second switch (Q2) coupled to the first switch (Q4) operative to synchronously shunt predetermined trailing portions of the first current pulses away from the winding in response to a second signal produced by the controller to reduce the amount of energy delivered to the winding by the switching transistor (Q4) without substantially changing a peak value of a flyback voltage across the winding. The controller sets various values of time intervals during which portions of the first current pulses are shunted away from the winding in order to set various corresponding intensities of aversive stimulus.