Abstract: Provided is an optical element for a lithographic apparatus. The optical element includes a capping layer that includes oxygen vacancies therein. The oxygen vacancies prevent attack of the capping layer by preventing hydrogen and other species from penetrating the capping layer and underlying layers. The capping layer provides a low hydrogen recombination rate enabling hydrogen to clean the surface of the optical element. The capping layer may include an alloyed metal, a mixed metal oxide or a doped metal oxide and it may be a ruthenium capping layer that includes one or more dopants therein.

Abstract: A method for setting a working point of a slip controller for a wheel of a vehicle. Upon activating the slip controller, a torque at the wheel is controlled on the basis of the working point using a slip at the wheel, wherein the torque is monitored and a value of the working point is set to a previous value of the torque if the slip satisfies a condition.

Abstract: A method for controlling slip of at least one wheel of a vehicle. In the method, at least one parameter of an action to be performed is read out from a matrix using a slip state of the wheel if the slip state is outside a target slip region of the matrix, wherein, for reading this out, a data field of the matrix associated with the slip state is determined and the at least one parameter is read out from the data field, wherein, for performing the action, at least one actuator of the vehicle is actuated using the parameter.

Abstract: A method for setting a working point of a slip controller for a wheel of a vehicle. Upon activating the slip controller, a torque at the wheel is controlled on the basis of the working point using a slip at the wheel, wherein the torque is monitored and a value of the working point is set to a previous value of the torque if the slip satisfies a condition.

Abstract: A method for controlling a torque of at least one wheel of a mobile platform. The method includes: providing at least one current slip value of the wheel and at least one current wheel acceleration of the wheel as input values; providing a trained radial basis function network designed to determine, by means of the input values, at least one torque change as an output value for control of the at least one wheel; and determining a current torque change, by means of the trained radial basis function network and the provided input values, for control of the torque.

Abstract: A method for controlling slip of at least one wheel of a vehicle. In the method, at least one parameter of an action to be performed is read out from a matrix using a slip state of the wheel if the slip state is outside a target slip region of the matrix, wherein, for reading this out, a data field of the matrix associated with the slip state is determined and the at least one parameter is read out from the data field, wherein, for performing the action, at least one actuator of the vehicle is actuated using the parameter.

Abstract: Provided is an optical element for a lithographic apparatus. The optical element includes a capping layer that includes oxygen vacancies therein. The oxygen vacancies prevent attack of the capping layer by preventing hydrogen and other species from penetrating the capping layer and underlying layers. The capping layer provides a low hydrogen recombination rate enabling hydrogen to clean the surface of the optical element. The capping layer may include an alloyed metal, a mixed metal oxide or a doped metal oxide and it may be a ruthenium capping layer that includes one or more dopants therein.

Abstract: A method for operating a petrol engine, in which air is introduced into an exhaust tract through which exhaust gas from the petrol engine can flow, bypassing the petrol engine, includes introducing the air into the exhaust tract at a point arranged downstream of a first three-way catalytic converter arranged in the exhaust tract and upstream of a second three-way catalytic converter arranged in the exhaust tract downstream of the first three-way catalytic converter, while the petrol engine is operated with a sub-stoichiometric combustion air ratio, where a desulphurization of the second three-way catalytic converter is effected.

Abstract: An X-ray detector device for a device for the X-ray inspection of products includes a first line detector with a first discrete spatial resolution, a second line detector with the same or lesser second discrete spatial resolution, and an evaluation and control unit. The first line detector is operable to capture X-radiation in a non-spectrally resolved fashion along a first capture line transverse to a product movement direction to generate first image data. The second line detector is operable to capture the X-radiation in a spectrally resolved fashion along a second capture line parallel to the first capture line to generate second image data. The evaluation and control unit is operable to evaluate the first and second image data to detect at least one predefined feature of the product with the first discrete spatial resolution by combining the items of information contained in the first and second image data.

Abstract: A method for operating a petrol engine, in which air is introduced into an exhaust tract through which exhaust gas from the petrol engine can flow, bypassing the petrol engine, includes introducing the air into the exhaust tract at a point arranged downstream of a first three-way catalytic converter arranged in the exhaust tract and upstream of a second three-way catalytic converter arranged in the exhaust tract downstream of the first three-way catalytic converter, while the petrol engine is operated with a sub-stoichiometric combustion air ratio, where a desulphurization of the second three-way catalytic converter is effected.

Abstract: An X-ray detector device for a device for the X-ray inspection of products includes a first line detector with a first discrete spatial resolution, a second line detector with the same or lesser second discrete spatial resolution, and an evaluation and control unit. The first line detector is operable to capture X-radiation in a non-spectrally resolved fashion along a first capture line transverse to a product movement direction to generate first image data. The second line detector is operable to capture the X-radiation in a spectrally resolved fashion along a second capture line parallel to the first capture line to generate second image data. The evaluation and control unit is operable to evaluate the first and second image data to detect at least one predefined feature of the product with the first discrete spatial resolution by combining the items of information contained in the first and second image data.

Abstract: A method for operating an internal combustion piston engine, preferably a spark ignition engine, is disclosed. For each combustion chamber at least one intake valve is closed prematurely or belatedly and an exhaust gas recirculation can be carried out. For each combustion chamber at least two intake valves are provided which are opened at least during the exhaust gas recirculation with different maximum strokes.

Abstract: Described herein are processes and devices useful for the identification of genes differentially expressed in skin. Preferably, the processes and devices are useful for the in vitro determination of skin homeostasis. Also described is a combination having a plurality of genes differentially expressed in skin compared to other tissues. Biochips and test kits useful in processes for the identification of genes expressed in skin homeostasis as well as in processes for screening substances useful in maintaining or promoting homeostasis of the skin are also described. Also described are processes for identifying substances useful in maintaining or promoting homeostasis of the skin as well as processes for making cosmetic and/or pharmaceutical preparations comprising such substances.