Abstract: A wafer includes a substrate and at least one intermediate layer formed on a surface of the substrate. The at least one intermediate layer covers the surface of the substrate at least partially. An outer surface of the at least one intermediate layer is directed away from the surface of the substrate. The wafer further includes nanostructures grown on the outer surface of the at least one intermediate layer. The at least one intermediate layer is formed in such a way that positions of growth of the nanostructures are predetermined on the outer surface of the at least one intermediate layer. At least one nanostructure material of the nanostructures is assembled at the positions of growth of the nanostructures.

Abstract: A supply device for supplying electricity to at least one consumer includes: a primary power supply in which there is a first fuel cell device having a first performance; a voltage transformer which connects the primary power supply to a secondary power supply having a battery; and a measuring device for detecting an insulation resistance of the primary power supply and/or of the secondary power supply. A second fuel cell device having a second performance is connected in series with the first fuel cell device in the primary power supply, wherein a bridge circuit comprising a switch is connected in parallel with each of the fuel cell devices and wherein the switches of the bridge circuits can be switched in accordance with the detected insulation resistance. A fuel cell vehicle and a method for limiting voltage in a supply device are also provided.

Abstract: A device for raising a temperature in at least one portion of a vehicle from a low temperature value to a temperature value increased above this, has at least one electronic component producing waste heat. The at least one electronic component is formed as a processor. Furthermore, a controller is provided, being designed to command the processor to provide a computing capacity in a heating mode, and to supply the waste heat generated upon performing at least one computation of the processor to the at least one portion of the vehicle. The disclosure furthermore relates to a method for raising a temperature of at least one portion of a vehicle from a low temperature value to a temperature value increased above this.

Abstract: A method for distinguishing the cause of voltage losses in a fuel cell device includes: a) Detection of a quasi-stationary operation of the fuel cell device, b) Acquisition and storage of a measured current-voltage characteristic curve with the current values and the voltage values of a fuel cells stack of the fuel cell device, c) Use of a PtOx model to determine PtOx voltage losses and calculation of a corrected current-voltage characteristic curve for the PtOx-free and normally humidified fuel cell stack, and d) Comparison of the current-voltage characteristic curves determined in step b) and in step c) and detection of an at least partially dried-out fuel cell stack if the measured current-voltage characteristic curve runs below the corrected current-voltage characteristic curve. A fuel cell device and a motor vehicle comprising a fuel cell device are also provided.

Abstract: A method for distinguishing the cause of voltage losses in a fuel cell device includes: a) Detection of a quasi-stationary operation of the fuel cell device, b) Acquisition and storage of a measured current-voltage characteristic curve with the current values and the voltage values of a fuel cells stack of the fuel cell device, c) Use of a PtOx model to determine PtOx voltage losses and calculation of a corrected current-voltage characteristic curve for the PtOx-free and normally humidified fuel cell stack, and d) Comparison of the current-voltage characteristic curves determined in step b) and in step c) and detection of an at least partially dried-out fuel cell stack if the measured current-voltage characteristic curve runs below the corrected current-voltage characteristic curve. A fuel cell device and a motor vehicle comprising a fuel cell device are also provided.

Abstract: A supply device for supplying electricity to at least one consumer includes: a primary power supply in which there is a first fuel cell device having a first performance; a voltage transformer which connects the primary power supply to a secondary power supply having a battery; and a measuring device for detecting an insulation resistance of the primary power supply and/or of the secondary power supply. A second fuel cell device having a second performance is connected in series with the first fuel cell device in the primary power supply, wherein a bridge circuit comprising a switch is connected in parallel with each of the fuel cell devices and wherein the switches of the bridge circuits can be switched in accordance with the detected insulation resistance. A fuel cell vehicle and a method for limiting voltage in a supply device are also provided.

Abstract: A wafer includes a substrate and at least one intermediate layer formed on a surface of the substrate. The at least one intermediate layer covers the surface of the substrate at least partially. An outer surface of the at least one intermediate layer is directed away from the surface of the substrate. The wafer further includes nanostructures grown on the outer surface of the at least one intermediate layer. The at least one intermediate layer is formed in such a way that positions of growth of the nanostructures are predetermined on the outer surface of the at least one intermediate layer. At least one nanostructure material of the nanostructures is assembled at the positions of growth of the nanostructures.

Abstract: A method for operating a fuel cell system comprising a control unit and at least one fuel cell comprises a cycle of the following steps: recording of an actual U/I characteristic curve of the fuel cell, comparison of the recorded actual U/I characteristic curve of the fuel cell with a target U/I characteristic curve stored in a memory, at least within a predetermined or pre-determinable current range, and determination of the difference between the target U/I characteristic curve and the actual U/I characteristic curve within the current range, comprising the following steps: continuous or clocked repetition of the cycle until the difference reaches or exceeds a predetermined or pre-determinable difference limit value, and adjustment of at least one parameter of the control unit to reduce or minimize the difference.

Abstract: The presented invention relates to a method for monitoring an insulation state of a first high-voltage network and an insulation state of at least one further high-voltage network of a vehicle, wherein a single insulation monitor is connected to the first high-voltage network and to the at least one further high-voltage network, and wherein, by means of the insulation monitor, a first insulation measurement, initially, is carried out, in a periodically repeated sequence, on the first high-voltage network, and, then, a further insulation measurement is carried out in each case on the at least one further high-voltage network.

Abstract: The invention relates to a device and a method for isolating a fuel cell, which make it possible to safely work on the fuel cell during a servicing or repair operation.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to a method and a device for determining the insulation resistance of a fuel-cell system.

Abstract: A device for raising a temperature in at least one portion of a vehicle from a low temperature value to a temperature value increased above this, has at least one electronic component producing waste heat. The at least one electronic component is formed as a processor. Furthermore, a controller is provided, being designed to command the processor to provide a computing capacity in a heating mode, and to supply the waste heat generated upon performing at least one computation of the processor to the at least one portion of the vehicle. The disclosure furthermore relates to a method for raising a temperature of at least one portion of a vehicle from a low temperature value to a temperature value increased above this.

Abstract: An onboard electrical system for a motor vehicle is provided having a primary power supply network and a secondary power supply network electrically connected to the primary power supply network via a DC-DC converter, wherein the primary power supply network and the secondary power supply network are connected to one another via a blocking diode of the DC-DC converter and the blocking diode has a forward direction thereof oriented from the primary power supply network toward the secondary power supply network, and wherein an insulation monitoring device having a measuring resistor is associated with the secondary power supply network for determining an insulation fault. It is provided that an additional resistor is connected in parallel with the blocking diode for bridging thereof, such that an insulation fault common to the primary power supply network and the secondary power supply network can be determined by the insulation monitoring device.

Abstract: An onboard electrical system for a motor vehicle is provided having a primary power supply network and a secondary power supply network electrically connected to the primary power supply network via a DC-DC converter, wherein the primary power supply network and the secondary power supply network are connected to one another via a blocking diode of the DC-DC converter and the blocking diode has a forward direction thereof oriented from the primary power supply network toward the secondary power supply network, and wherein an insulation monitoring device having a measuring resistor is associated with the secondary power supply network for determining an insulation fault. It is provided that an additional resistor is connected in parallel with the blocking diode for bridging thereof, such that an insulation fault common to the primary power supply network and the secondary power supply network can be determined by the insulation monitoring device.

Abstract: A method for operating a fuel cell system comprising a control unit and at least one fuel cell comprises a cycle of the following steps: recording of an actual U/I characteristic curve of the fuel cell, comparison of the recorded actual U/I characteristic curve of the fuel cell with a target U/I characteristic curve stored in a memory, at least within a predetermined or pre-determinable current range, and determination of the difference between the target U/I characteristic curve and the actual U/I characteristic curve within the current range, comprising the following steps: continuous or clocked repetition of the cycle until the difference reaches or exceeds a predetermined or pre-determinable difference limit value, and adjustment of at least one parameter of the control unit to reduce or minimize the difference.

Abstract: A method for expanding an answer key to verify a question and answer system is provided in the illustrative embodiments. A definition is constructed of an extended answer type. The extended answer type represents an answer type of an unrepresented answer. The unrepresented answer is unrepresented in the answer key as a valid response to a question in a set of valid responses to the question in the answer key. The extended answer type is created in the answer key according to the definition. The extended answer type is populated such that the unrepresented answer becomes as additional valid response to the question, the creating and the populating extending the answer key to form an extended answer key. The populated extended answer type in the extended answer key is used to verify that a generated answer from the Q and A system is correct.

Abstract: The disclosure relates to a method for increasing a temperature of a vehicle interior of a vehicle from a low temperature value to an increased temperature value, wherein the vehicle has a fuel cell system with a fuel cell stack and a compressor connected with the fuel cell stack at the cathode side, comprising: drawing in cathode gas via the compressor, and compressing and heating the drawn-in cathode gas. At least a portion of a cathode gas mass flow of the heated cathode gas is directed into the vehicle interior, and the temperature of the vehicle interior is raised to the increased temperature value. Moreover, the disclosure relates to a vehicle for implementing the method.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to a method and a device for determining the insulation resistance of a fuel-cell system.

Abstract: The invention relates to a device and a method for isolating a fuel cell, which make it possible to safely work on the fuel cell during a servicing or repair operation.

Abstract: A hybrid crucible comprising a frame and a bottom plate. The crucible is characterized by the selection of material of these two components, which have been optimized in terms of thermal conductivity. The crucible is adapted to produce crystalline materials. Moreover, a method for producing crystalline material is disclosed.