Abstract: Methods, systems, and apparatus, including computer programs encoded on computer storage media, for training a neural network to perform a machine learning task using a momentum and sign based optimizer.

Abstract: The present disclosure provides methods and kits for treating pain. More particularly, the present disclosure relates to methods of using PD-L1/PD-1-associated compounds to treat pain and/or bone destruction from bone cancer, and associated kits. The present disclosure also provides methods to assess the efficacy of compounds to suppress PD-1-associated nociceptive neuron activity.

Abstract: The present disclosure provides methods and kits for treating pain. More particularly, the present disclosure relates to methods of using PD-L1/PD-1-associated compounds to treat pain and/or bone destruction from bone cancer, and associated kits. The present disclosure also provides methods to assess the efficacy of compounds to suppress PD-1-associated nociceptive neuron activity.

Abstract: Methods and apparatus for subtractively fabricating three-dimensional structures relative to a surface of a substrate and for additively depositing metal and dopant atoms onto the surface and for diffusing them into the bulk. A chemical solution is applied to the surface of the semiconductor substrate, and a spatial pattern of electron-hole pairs is generated by projecting a spatial pattern of illumination characterized by a specified intensity, wavelength and duration at each pixel of a plurality of pixels on the surface. Charge carriers are driven away from the surface of the semiconductor on a timescale short compared to the carrier recombination lifetime. Such methods are applied to creating a spatially varying doping profile in the semiconductor substrate, a photonic integrated circuit and an integrated photonic microfluidic circuit.

Abstract: The present disclosure provides methods and kits for treating pain. More particularly, the present disclosure relates to methods of using PD-L1/PD-1-associated compounds to treat pain and/or bone destruction from bone cancer, and associated kits. The present disclosure also provides methods to assess the efficacy of compounds to suppress PD-1-associated nociceptive neuron activity.

Abstract: Methods and apparatus for subtractively fabricating three-dimensional structures relative to a surface of a substrate and for additively depositing metal and dopant atoms onto the surface and for diffusing them into the bulk. A chemical solution is applied to the surface of the semiconductor substrate, and a spatial pattern of electron-hole pairs is generated by projecting a spatial pattern of illumination characterized by a specified intensity, wavelength and duration at each pixel of a plurality of pixels on the surface. An electrical potential is applied across the interface of the semiconductor and the solution with a specified temporal profile relative to the temporal profile of the spatial pattern of illumination. Such methods are applied to the fabrication of a photodetector integral with a parabolic reflector, cell size sorting chips, a three-dimensional photonic bandgap chip, a photonic integrated circuit, and an integrated photonic microfluidic circuit.

Abstract: Methods and apparatus for subtractively fabricating three-dimensional structures relative to a surface of a substrate and for additively depositing metal and dopant atoms onto the surface and for diffusing them into the bulk. A chemical solution is applied to the surface of the semiconductor substrate, and a spatial pattern of electron-hole pairs is generated by projecting a spatial pattern of illumination characterized by a specified intensity, wavelength and duration at each pixel of a plurality of pixels on the surface. Charge carriers are driven away from the surface of the semiconductor on a timescale short compared to the carrier recombination lifetime. Such methods are applied to creating a spatially varying doping profile in the semiconductor substrate, a photonic integrated circuit and an integrated photonic microfluidic circuit.

Abstract: An embodiment in accordance with the present invention provides an orthotic device that provides a physical barrier between the thighs of the user. The orthotic device provides a physical barrier that separates the legs in order to minimize and prevent scissoring gait. The orthotic device includes specially designed blocks. The blocks separate the legs, fit comfortably against the legs, and slide back and forth against one another during the gait cycle to allow for walking movement. The blocks can be secured to the legs with straps. The straps can be exchangeable, so that a user can change them to match clothing or other color preferences. The orthotic device is useable in both indoor and outdoor settings.

Abstract: Methods and apparatus for subtractively fabricating three-dimensional structures relative to a surface of a substrate and for additively depositing metal and dopant atoms onto the surface and for diffusing them into the bulk. A chemical solution is applied to the surface of the semiconductor substrate, and a spatial pattern of electron-hole pairs is generated by projecting a spatial pattern of illumination characterized by a specified intensity, wavelength and duration at each pixel of a plurality of pixels on the surface. An electrical potential is applied across the interface of the semiconductor and the solution with a specified temporal profile relative to the temporal profile of the spatial pattern of illumination. Such methods are applied to the fabrication of a photodetector integral with a parabolic reflector, cell size sorting chips, a three-dimensional photonic bandgap chip, a photonic integrated circuit, and an integrated photonic microfluidic circuit.