Abstract: A process and system for the electrochemical production of graphene, graphene oxide, graphene quantum dots, graphene/graphene oxide metal composites, graphene/graphene oxide coated substrates and graphene/graphene oxide metal composite coated substrates in a single step process involving no secondary purifications utilizes an electrochemical cell containing electrodes with variable gaps including a zero gap, containing an anode electrode including graphite, a cathode electrode including electrically conductive material with an electrolyte-free electrochemical bath including water and an organic liquid that produces joule heating along with oxygen embrittlement.

Abstract: A process and system for the electrochemical production of graphene, graphene oxide, graphene quantum dots, graphene/graphene oxide metal composites, graphene/graphene oxide coated substrates and graphene/graphene oxide metal composite coated substrates in a single step process involving no secondary purifications utilizes an electrochemical cell containing electrodes with variable gaps including a zero gap, containing an anode electrode including graphite, a cathode electrode including electrically conductive material with an electrolyte-free electrochemical bath including water and an organic liquid that produces joule heating along with oxygen embrittlement.

Abstract: Absorbing oxygen from a closed space at a rapid rate, particularly in food packaging, is made possible by introducing an alcohol-water mixture as an activator for iron-based absorber systems, preferably including an acid to control pH. Preferred alcohols are aliphatic alcohols, particularly, monohydric alkanols, such as methanol, ethanol, n-propanol, isopropanol, sec-butanol and t-butanol. Such absorber-activator combinations are capable of rapidly reducing the oxygen in a closed package. A preferred acid is orthophosphoric acid used in an amount sufficient to establish a pH of about 0.6 to 4. A preferred iron-based absorber system employs sponge iron, optionally including a dibasic acid cooperating with the orthophosphoric acid to control pH in the system. In one preferred embodiment, the iron-based absorber is pre-activated by contacting with the activator in the substantial absence of oxygen for a predetermined period of time.

Abstract: An ion-permeable spacer is provided for an electrochemical apparatus. The spacer comprises a perforated or ion-permeable, relatively-thin, synthetic plastic material sheet having two opposed faces and having a plurality of magnets completely embedded in both opposed faces thereof and including at least four vertically-upwardly slanting slits extending at an upwardly-sloping angle along each of the two opposed faces and also extending transversely through the spacer between the two opposed faces, the slits having a particularly defined width and disposed at a particular angle, thereby to provide greater combined flow and mixing of electrolyte through the spacer.

Abstract: A process is provided for the preparation of an article having a continuous metal substrate, and a coherent continuous coating thereon of a bilayer electronically-conductive continuous film comprising a continuous film of a polycarbazole on a continuous polypyrrole substrate, said process comprising:electrodepositing a continuous film of a polycarbazole on a continuous metal anode having a continuous film of a polypyrrole substrate thereon.