Abstract: A secondary battery having good performance especially in a high-temperature environment can be obtained by using an electrolyte solution for secondary batteries, which is characterized by containing an ionic liquid represented by formula (1) and a lithium salt. (In the formula, each of R1 and R2 independently represents an alkyl group having 1-5 carbon atoms; and n represents 1 or 2.

Abstract: The withstand voltage of an electrolyte solution is able to be increased by adding an additive for electrolyte solutions, which is composed of a compound that is configured from a silicon-containing sulfonate anion represented by formula (1) and a cation of, for example, a quaternary ammonium salt or a quaternary phosphonium salt, into the electrolyte solution. In the formula, each R independently represents an alkyl group having 1-8 carbon atoms; and n represents an integer of 2-6).

Abstract: Provided is a light-emitting electrochemical cell including a light-emitting layer 3, a first electrode 1, and a second electrode 2, wherein the light-emitting layer contains an ionic compound and the ionic compound contains an anion having a silicon atom. The anion has a silicon-containing group represented, for example, by SiR1R2R3 (R1 to R3 are all bonded directly to Si) and an anion group. The anion group is represented, for example, by —SO3?, —OSO3?, or —OP(OR0)O3?. R0 to R3 are each independently an alkyl group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms. Two alkyl groups selected from R1, R2, and R3 are optionally bonded to each other to form an alkylene group having 4 or 5 carbon atoms and constituting a cyclic structure together with the silicon atom.

Abstract: A photoelectric conversion apparatus includes: a pair of electrodes including a first electrode and a second electrode; a charge separator disposed to make contact with the first electrode; an insulative polarizer disposed to intervene between the charge separator and the second electrode; and an incidence switcher alternately switching between an incident state where a light falls on the charge separator, and a non-incident state where the light does not fall on the charge separator, based on an electromotive force arising between the first electrode and the second electrode. The charge separator separating the charge, the insulative polarizer storing and discharging the separated charge, and the incidence switcher switching between the incident state and the non-incident state make the photoelectric conversion apparatus self-oscillate to sustainably output an alternating current or alternating voltage from the output terminals.

Abstract: The withstand voltage, of an electrolyte solution is able to he increased by adding an additive for electrolyte solutions, which is composed of a compound that is configured from a silicon-containing sulfonate anion represented by formula (1) and a cation of, for example, a quaternary ammonium salt or a quaternary phosphonium salt, into the electrolyte solution. In the formula, each R independently represents an alkyl group having 1-8 carbon atoms; and n represents an integer of 2-6.

Abstract: A photoelectric conversion element includes: a pair of electrodes including a first electrode and a second electrode; a first insulator having a first capacitance, and disposed to make contact with the first electrode; a second insulator having a second capacitance, which is smaller than the first capacitance of the first insulator, and disposed to make contact with the second electrode; and an organic semiconductor receiving a light to generate an electromotive force, and interposed between the first insulator and the second insulator to make contact with them.

Abstract: This electricity storage device which is configured to contain an ionic liquid represented by formula (1) in, for example, an electrolyte or an electrode has the advantage of being usable in a low-temperature environment in spite of the ionic liquid contained therein. (In the formula, each of R1 and R2 independently represents an alkyl group having 1-5 carbon atoms; and n represents 1 or 2.

Abstract: A secondary battery having good performance especially in a high-temperature environment can be obtained by using an electrolyte solution for secondary batteries, which is characterized by containing an ionic liquid represented by formula (1) and a lithium salt. (In the formula, each of R1 and R2 independently represents an alkyl group having 1-5 carbon atoms; and n represents 1 or 2.

Abstract: A polymer electrolyte-forming composition containing (A) a quaternary ammonium salt of general formula (1) below and (B) an ionic liquid can be converted into a polymer without compromising the excellent properties of the ionic liquid, thus enabling an electrolyte having an excellent safety and electrical conductivity and also a broad potential window to be obtained. In formula (1), R1 to R3 are each independently an alkyl group of 1 to 5 carbons or a substituent having a reactive unsaturated bond and any two from among R1 to R3 may together form a ring, and R4 is methyl, ethyl or a substituent having a reactive unsaturated bond, with the proviso that at least one of R1 to R4 is a substituent having a reactive unsaturated bond. X is a monovalent anion, the letter m is an integer from 1 to 8, and the letter n is an integer from 1 to 4.

Abstract: An electric double layer capacitor is composed of a pair of current collectors, a positive polarizable electrode provided on one of the pair of current collectors, a negative polarizable electrode provided on the other of the pair of current collectors, a separator between the positive and negative polarizable electrodes, and an organic electrolytic solution which impregnates at least the positive and negative polarizable electrodes and the separator. The capacitor has a theoretical amount of ions Qt defined as Qt (moles)=C×V÷96,500, wherein C is the rated capacitance (farads) of the capacitor and V is the rated voltage (volts), and an amount of ions Qe in the organic electrolytic solution, such that Qe/Qt=1.7 to 3.5. The capacitor has a high voltage rating, excellent cycle characteristics during high-current charging and discharging, and a low internal resistance in low-temperature environments.

Abstract: An electric double layer capacitor is composed of a pair of current collectors, a positive polarizable electrode provided on one of the pair of current collectors, a negative polarizable electrode provided on the other of the pair of current collectors, a separator between the positive and negative polarizable electrodes, and an organic electrolytic solution which impregnates at least the positive and negative polarizable electrodes and the separator. The capacitor has a theoretical amount of ions Qt defined as Qt (moles)=C×V÷96,500, wherein C is the rated capacitance (farads) of the capacitor and V is the rated voltage (volts), and an amount of ions Qe in the organic electrolytic solution, such that Qe/Qt=1.7 to 3.5. The capacitor has a high voltage rating, excellent cycle characteristics during high-current charging and discharging, and a low internal resistance in low-temperature environments.

Abstract: The water present within an ionic liquid that is in a liquid state at 25° C. or an organic solution containing at least one ionic compound is decomposed by bringing electrodes into contact with the ionic liquid or organic solution within an atmosphere having a dew-point temperature not higher than ?40° C. or under a reduced pressure of not more than 75 torr, thereby reducing the water content. This process makes it possible to obtain highly dehydrated ionic liquids.

Abstract: A polymer electrolyte-forming composition containing (A) a quaternary ammonium salt of general formula (1) below and (B) an ionic liquid can be converted into a polymer without compromising the excellent properties of the ionic liquid, thus enabling an electrolyte having an excellent safety and electrical conductivity and also a broad potential window to be obtained. In formula (1), R1 to R3 are each independently an alkyl group of 1 to 5 carbons or a substituent having a reactive unsaturated bond and any two from among R1 to R3 may together form a ring, and R4 is methyl, ethyl or a substituent having a reactive unsaturated bond, with the proviso that at least one of R1 to R4 is a substituent having a reactive unsaturated bond. X is a monovalent anion, the letter m is an integer from 1 to 8, and the letter n is an integer from 1 to 4.

Abstract: The water present within an ionic liquid that is in a liquid state at 25° C. or an organic solution containing at least one ionic compound is decomposed by bringing electrodes into contact with the ionic liquid or organic solution within an atmosphere having a dew-point temperature not higher than −40° C. or under a reduced pressure of not more than 75 torr, thereby reducing the water content. This process makes it possible to obtain highly dehydrated ionic liquids.