Abstract: A liquid discharge head includes a nozzle layer having a nozzle through which a liquid is discharged from a second side toward a first side, a liquid chamber substrate, and a drive circuit. The nozzle layer includes a vibration layer, a piezoelectric actuator adjacent to the nozzle and over the first side, a circuit connection over the first side, a first protective layer around the circuit connection, a second protective layer over the piezoelectric actuator, a first water-resistant film over the first protective layer, and a second water-resistant film over the second protective layer. The second protective layer is separated from the first protective layer. The first protective layer defines an opening above the circuit connection. The liquid chamber substrate has a liquid chamber communicating with the nozzle. The drive circuit is disposed over the second side and connected to the circuit connection to drive the piezoelectric actuator.

Abstract: A liquid discharge head includes a nozzle member. The nozzle member includes a nozzle, a deformable laminar member, and an electromechanical transducer. The nozzle discharges liquid. The deformable laminar member has an opening forming the nozzle. The electromechanical transducer is disposed around the opening. The nozzle member is warped with respect to a discharge-side plane of the nozzle member in a surrounding area of the nozzle when no voltage is applied to the electromechanical transducer.

Abstract: An actuator includes a deformable thin-film member having an opening, an electromechanical conversion element disposed at a periphery of the opening of the deformable thin-film member, an insulating film covering the electromechanical conversion element, a protective film over a surface of the insulating film, the protective film covering the surface of the insulating film and a surface of an electrode wiring connected to the electromechanical conversion element, and an adhesion improving film disposed between the electrode wiring and the protective film.

Abstract: A liquid discharge head includes a nozzle substrate and a cover member. The nozzle substrate includes a liquid discharge surface, a plurality of nozzles, and a continuous recess. The plurality of nozzles is arranged in a nozzle arrangement area on the liquid discharge surface and configured to discharge liquid from the liquid discharge surface. The continuous recess surrounds the nozzle arrangement area on the liquid discharge surface. The cover member is joined to the nozzle substrate with the nozzle arrangement area being exposed. The nozzle arrangement area has a liquid repellency with respect to the liquid. An inside of the recess is lyophilic to the liquid and is provided with an adhesive, and the nozzle substrate is joined to the cover member with the adhesive.

Abstract: A metal member includes a first layer and a second layer. The second layer has an average crystal grain size different from an average crystal grain size of the first layer. An intermediate layer having an average crystal grain size smaller than the average crystal grain sizes of the first layer and the second layer is interposed between the first layer and the second layer.

Abstract: A liquid discharge head includes a nozzle substrate and a cover member. The nozzle substrate includes a liquid discharge surface, a plurality of nozzles, and a continuous recess. The plurality of nozzles is arranged in a nozzle arrangement area on the liquid discharge surface and configured to discharge liquid from the liquid discharge surface. The continuous recess surrounds the nozzle arrangement area on the liquid discharge surface. The cover member is joined to the nozzle substrate with the nozzle arrangement area being exposed. The nozzle arrangement area has a liquid repellency with respect to the liquid. An inside of the recess is lyophilic to the liquid and is provided with an adhesive, and the nozzle substrate is joined to the cover member with the adhesive.

Abstract: A metal member includes an alloy containing platinum-group metal. An amount of the platinum-group metal in an outermost surface of the metal member is higher than the amount of the platinum-group metal in an interior of the metal member.

Abstract: A metal member includes a first layer and a second layer. The second layer has an average crystal grain size different from an average crystal grain size of the first layer. An intermediate layer having an average crystal grain size smaller than the average crystal grain sizes of the first layer and the second layer is interposed between the first layer and the second layer.

Abstract: A metal member includes an alloy containing platinum-group metal. An amount of the platinum-group metal in an outermost surface of the metal member is higher than the amount of the platinum-group metal in an interior of the metal member.

Abstract: A liquid ejection head is provided. The liquid ejection head includes a nozzle substrate to eject a droplet of a liquid from a nozzle thereof; a surface treatment layer, which is located on the surface of the nozzle substrate and which is an oxide layer including silicon (Si) and a transition metal capable of forming a passive layer; and an organic liquid repellent layer located on the surface treatment layer.

Abstract: A liquid ejection head is provided. The liquid ejection head includes a nozzle substrate to eject a droplet of a liquid from a nozzle thereof; a surface treatment layer, which is located on the surface of the nozzle substrate and which is an oxide layer including silicon (Si) and a transition metal capable of forming a passive layer; and an organic liquid repellent layer located on the surface treatment layer.

Abstract: 4-(1-Imidazolylmethyl)cinnamic acid hydrochloride monohydrate of the formula: ##STR1## and pharmaceutical compositions containing such compound. The imidazole derivative above has a strong and specific inhibitory effect on thromboxane synthetase from human or bovine platelet microsomes, and is useful as a therapeutical agent for inflammation, hypertension, thrombus, cerebral apoplexy, and asthma.