Abstract: Described herein are devices that relate to sensor, data, and interactive interfaces between micro or nano electronics and biofilms, which optionally include an added extracellular matrix. Biofilms in the interfaces can include adherent cells or microorganisms, for example, fungi, bacteria, and the biofilms may include viruses. Computational capability, circuitry, and methods are provided for interactive measurements/processing between the electronics and biofilms.

Abstract: A complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor sensor array includes an active sensing area of pixels arranged in an array with a pitch, each pixel including an exposed surface electrode alongside switches and logic gates, and non-overlapping clocks configured to rapidly charge and discharge the exposed surface electrode, wherein control signals steer a switched output current between shared column outputs.