Abstract: A charging roller comprises a shaft member, a base layer located outside in the radial direction of the shaft member, and a surface layer located outside in the radial direction of the base layer and forming a surface. The surface layer includes particles, and the ratio of the total area of the particles exposed from the surface of the surface layer in a planar view seen from the radial direction of the charging roller, with respect to the area of the surface of the surface layer is more than 60%.

Abstract: Provided is a charging roller that can achieve excellent image quality and prevent detachment of particles in its surface layer. A charging roller 1 comprises a shaft 2 and, on an outer circumferential side of the shaft 2, at least a base layer 3 and a surface layer 4, wherein the surface layer 4 contains a binder resin 41 and particles 42, and the particles 42 contain 50 mass% or more of a same component A as at least one selected from components constituting the binder resin 41, and a content of the particles in the surface layer is 30 parts to 120 parts by mass with respect to 100 parts by mass of the binder resin.

Abstract: A charging roller comprises a shaft member, a base layer located outside in the radial direction of the shaft member, and a surface layer located outside in the radial direction of the base layer and forming a surface. The surface layer includes particles, and the ratio of the total area of the particles exposed from the surface of the surface layer in a planar view seen from the radial direction of the charging roller, with respect to the area of the surface of the surface layer is more than 60%.

Abstract: A laminate includes, in order, a base layer, an intermediate layer and a surface layer, wherein: the base layer is a polymerized product of a base layer composition containing at least compound A having a (meth)acryloyl group; the intermediate layer is a polymerized product of an intermediate layer composition containing (i) compound B having two or more functional groups, at least one of which being (meth)acryloyl group, and (ii) compound C having two or more functional groups, at least one of which being hydroxyl group; the surface layer is a polymerized product of a surface layer composition containing at least compound D having an isocyanate group; the (meth)acryloyl group in the base layer is bonded to the (meth)acryloyl group in the intermediate layer composition; and the hydroxyl group in the intermediate layer is bonded to the isocyanate group in the surface layer composition.