Abstract: According to an embodiment, a substrate processing method includes forming a liquid film on a substrate including a first region provided with a first film on an outermost surface thereof and a second region provided with a second film on an outermost surface thereof, the first film and the second film being different from each other in material. The method further includes forming a solidified film by solidifying the liquid film. The method further includes causing the solidified film on the first region to melt prior to the solidified film on the second region.

Abstract: According to one embodiment a substrate treatment apparatus incorporates, into a frozen film, a contaminant adhered to a substrate surface by freezing a liquid film on the surface. The apparatus includes a placement part configured to rotate the substrate, a liquid supply part configured to supply a liquid via a nozzle to the frozen film including the contaminant, a moving part configured to move the nozzle parallel to the substrate surface, and a controller configured to control a rotation of the substrate by the placement part, a supply of the liquid by the liquid supply part, and a movement of the nozzle by the moving part. The controller rotates the substrate by controlling the placement part, supplies the liquid to the frozen film by controlling the liquid supply part, and moves the nozzle from a perimeter edge vicinity to a rotation center vicinity of the substrate by controlling the moving part.

Abstract: A method of treating produced water on offshore platforms and onshore facilities is described. The method can be applied to or integrated into other already-installed processes and/or technologies for the treatment of produced water, being characterized by the combined addition of anionic surfactant and cationic polyelectrolyte for the destabilization and flocculation of oily emulsions characteristic of produced water, preliminarily to the separation steps (hydrocyclones and/or flotators). The different points and alternatives of reagent injection combinations are adaptable to equipment and units already in operation.

Abstract: A practical method for enzymatically synthesizing c-di-GMP with excellent productivity is provided. A diguanylate cyclase having physical and chemical characteristics (A) to (F): (A) catalytic action on reaction “2 GTP?c-di-GMP”; (B) a molecular weight of 19800±2000; (C) an optimum pH of 7.3 to 9.4; (D) an optimum temperature of 35 to 60° C.; (E) thermal stability as the remaining activity of 90% or higher after heated for 60 minutes under conditions of 50° C. and pH7.8; and (F) the presence of GGDEF (SEQ ID NO:26) domain and the lack of amino acid sequence KXXD (SEQ ID NO:23) in the i-site.

Abstract: A practical method for enzymatically synthesizing c-di-GMP with excellent productivity is provided. A diguanylate cyclase having physical and chemical characteristics (A) to (F): (A) catalytic action on reaction “2 GTP?c-di-GMP”; (B) a molecular weight of 19800±2000; (C) an optimum pH of 7.3 to 9.4; (D) an optimum temperature of 35 to 60° C.; (E) thermal stability as the remaining activity of 90% or higher after heated for 60 minutes under conditions of 50° C. and pH7.8; and (F) the presence of GGDEF (SEQ ID NO:26) domain and the lack of amino acid sequence KXXD (SEQ ID NO:23) in the i-site.

Abstract: A practical method for enzymatically synthesizing c-di-GMP with excellent productivity is provided. A diguanylate cyclase having physical and chemical characteristics (A) to (F): (A) catalytic action on reaction “2 GTP?c-di-GMP”; (B) a molecular weight of 19800±2000; (C) an optimum pH of 7.3 to 9.4; (D) an optimum temperature of 35 to 60° C.; (E) thermal stability as the remaining activity of 90% or higher after heated for 60 minutes under conditions of 50° C. and pH7.8; and (F) the presence of GGDEF (SEQ ID NO:26) domain and the lack of amino acid sequence KXXD (SEQ ID NO:23) in the i-site.

Abstract: A practical method for enzymatically synthesizing c-di-GMP with excellent productivity is provided. A diguanylate cyclase having physical and chemical characteristics (A) to (F): (A) catalytic action on reaction “2 GTP?c-di-GMP”; (B) a molecular weight of 19800±2000; (C) an optimum pH of 7.3 to 9.4; (D) an optimum temperature of 35 to 60° C.; (E) thermal stability as the remaining activity of 90% or higher after heated for 60 minutes under conditions of 50° C. and pH 7.8; and (F) the presence of GGDEF domain and the lack of amino acid sequence KXXD in the i-site.