Abstract: A lighting element (1) containing a dielectric layer (5) of a metal oxide with a front surface and a back surface, where the dielectric layer (5) contains an arrangement of elongated pores (8) extending between front and back surfaces through the dielectric layer (5) and the pores (8) are open to the front surface, and a base electrode (7) made from an electrically conductive material is arranged on the back surface, and in the pores (8) are arranged emitter rods (4) of an electrically conductive material, and a translucent layer of counter-electrode (2) of an electrically conductive material is arranged over the front surface of the dielectric layer (5), and a layer of luminescent material (3) is arranged between the dielectric layer (5) and the base electrode (7). The layer of counter-electrode (2) is a part of the layer system of the lighting element (1), where the dielectric layer (5) has the function of a spacer and separates the base electrode (7) from the counter-electrode (2).

Abstract: An apparatus and method for remotely measuring emissivity and hence temperature of a surface of an object. The apparatus includes a detector having a radiation receptor for measuring infra-red radiation, an integrating cavity surrounding the receptor for receiving radiation from a surface facing the cavity and delivering the radiation to the receptor, at least two sources of infra-red containing radiation (e.g. light from an incandescent lamp) within the integrating cavity positioned to produce separate beams of the radiation which strike the surface at different angles suitable for reflection to the receptor, and a processor for determining the temperature of the surface from the radiation measured by the detecting means. The use of at least two mutually angled radiation beams compensates for surface anisotropy of the surface whose temperature is to be measured.