Abstract: The subject invention relates in part to the surprising discovery that Cry1Da is active against corn earworm (CEW), Helicoverpa zea (Boddie). Methods for using Cry1Da in transgenic plants to prevent serious crop damage is described. Leaf and silk bioassays using transgenic maize expressing full length, core toxin region or chimeric Cry1Da demonstrated good insect protection against CEW larvae damage.

Abstract: A method an apparatus are disclosed for modeling a system to estimate values and associated uncertainties for a first set of variables describing the system. A second set of system variables is selected, where the second set is directly or indirectly causally related to the first set of variables. Data is obtained or estimated for each variable in the second set and the quality of selected data is appraised. A network is formed with nodes including both sets of variables and the quality appraisals, having directional links connecting interdependent nodes, the directional links honoring known causality relationships. A Bayesian Network algorithm is used with the data and quality information to solve the network for the first set of variables and their associated uncertainties.