Abstract: A method and device for measuring gas permeability through a porous membrane-like material, particularly through paper where a sample is placed tightly against the edges of an open chamber, a gas connection is created to a source of constant pressure, a predetermined pressure difference is used to create a stable flow of gas through the sample, and at least one volume quantity is measured, which is proportional to the gas permeability of the material. The flow of gas is throttled before being led to the chamber, which rapidly stabilizes the flow.

Abstract: The invention relates to a management of field devices in industrial process systems. A maintenance management system collects status and/or diagnostic data of field devices over a field communication interface in a manner specific for each type of field device. The system processes the collected data and provides condition or event data, e.g. alarms and fault and device condition data to external systems, such as the automation system of a plant, by an open communication method, which is independent of the type of field device and the field communication interface. Such open communication methods are for instance electronic mail, Internet, Intranet, DDE (Dynamic Data Exchange), short message. The data structure of the event data are preferably independent of the type of field device, i.e. it is identical for different types of field device.