Abstract: Apparatus for chemoelectric generating includes an anode constructed and arranged to receive fuel, a cathode constructed and arranged to receive an oxidizer and an electrolyte that is positioned at least partially between the anode and the cathode. A controllable switch is constructed and arranged to selectively couple a load between the anode and the cathode. A controller is constructed and arranged to control at least one of the fuel received by the anode, the oxidizer received by the cathode, the controllable switch and to perform at least two reforming operations that are chosen from the group including a reverse-current charging operation a forward-current charging operation, an oxygen-less operation and an open-circuit operation.