Abstract: Provided herein are compounds of the formula (I): as well as pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, wherein the substituents are as those disclosed in the specification. These compounds, and the pharmaceutical compositions containing them, promote mitochondrial biogenesis and are useful for the treatment of, for example, acute kidney injury and chronic kidney disease.

Abstract: A method of administering interstitial photodynamic therapy to a target region of a patient may include receiving information associated with the target region, an initial photosensitizer concentration, a plurality of initial photosensitizer photokinetic rate parameters, and a threshold treatment dose for a photosensitizer, the threshold treatment dose being a threshold photodynamic therapy-dose or a threshold reactive oxygen species dose. A location in the target region for inserting at least one interstitial treatment fiber to deliver the treatment light, and initial values for treatment light transmission is determined. Computational spatial elements are determined for the target region and for the location of emitting surfaces of the at least one interstitial treatment fiber, and a light fluence rate for delivering treatment light to each of the computational spatial elements.

Abstract: A method of administering interstitial photodynamic therapy to a target region of a patient may include receiving information associated with the target region, an initial photosensitizer concentration, a plurality of initial photosensitizer photokinetic rate parameters, and a threshold treatment dose for a photosensitizer, the threshold treatment dose being a threshold photodynamic therapy-dose or a threshold reactive oxygen species dose. A location in the target region for inserting at least one interstitial treatment fiber to deliver the treatment light, and initial values for treatment light transmission is determined. Computational spatial elements are determined for the target region and for the location of emitting surfaces of the at least one interstitial treatment fiber, and a light fluence rate for delivering treatment light to each of the computational spatial elements.

Abstract: A method of administering interstitial photodynamic therapy to a target region of a patient may include receiving information associated with the target region, an initial photosensitizer concentration, a plurality of initial photosensitizer photokinetic rate parameters, and a threshold treatment dose for a photosensitizer, the threshold treatment dose being a threshold photodynamic therapy-dose or a threshold reactive oxygen species dose. A location in the target region for inserting at least one interstitial treatment fiber to deliver the treatment light, and initial values for treatment light transmission is determined. Computational spatial elements are determined for the target region and for the location of emitting surfaces of the at least one interstitial treatment fiber, and a light fluence rate for delivering treatment light to each of the computational spatial elements.

Abstract: A method of generating a treatment plan for delivering treatment light for intracavitary photodynamic therapy to a targeted region within a cavity of a patient may include receiving shape information for an interior surface of the cavity. A first set of control points located on a first trajectory within the cavity is initialized by assigning, to each of the first set of control points, one or more axis positions of a treatment light emitter relative to the interior surface of the cavity. A simulated total treatment dose is iteratively optimized relative to a set of one or more optimization goals when the treatment light emitter is activated to emit treatment light at each of the first set of control points. The treatment plan is then generated to provide a total treatment dose to the targeted region.

Abstract: A wavelength conversion chip is formed by depositing a wavelength conversion material on a substrate to form a layer, removing the resulting wavelength conversion layer from the substrate and then segmenting the wavelength conversion layer into a plurality of wavelength conversion chips. The wavelength conversion material can be annealed by thermal annealing or radiation annealing to increase the wavelength conversion efficiency of the chips or to sinter the wavelength conversion material to form a ceramic material. Optical coatings, vias, light extraction elements, electrical connections or electrical bond pads can be fabricated on the wavelength conversion chips.

Abstract: A wavelength conversion chip is formed by depositing a wavelength conversion material layer on a substrate, segmenting the wavelength conversion layer into a plurality of wavelength conversion chips, and then removing the wavelength conversion chips from the substrate. The wavelength conversion of the chips can be increased by thermal annealing or radiation annealing of the wavelength conversion material. Optical coatings or light extraction elements can be fabricated on the wavelength conversion layer.

Abstract: A projection display system has at least one light-recycling illumination system and at least one imaging light modulator. The light-recycling illumination system includes a light source that is enclosed within a light-recycling cavity. The light source is a plurality of light-emitting diode that emits light, and a fraction of that light will exit the light-recycling cavity through an aperture. The light-recycling cavity recycles a portion of the light emitted by the light source back to the light source in order to enhance the luminance of the light exiting the aperture. The fraction of the light that exits the aperture is partially collimated and is directed to the imaging light modulator. The imaging light modulator spatially modulates the partially collimated light to form an image.

Abstract: The invention is a side-emitting illumination system that incorporates a light emitting diode. The side-emitting illumination system recycles a portion of the light internally generated by a light emitting diode back to the light emitting diode as externally incident light. The light emitting diode reflects the recycled light, thereby increasing the effective brightness of the light emitting diode. The light reflected by the light emitting diode is directed though the output aperture of the side-emitting illumination system, thereby increasing the output brightness and efficiency of the side-emitting illumination system. The light emitting diode reflects externally incident light with a reflectivity greater than 40 percent.

Abstract: The invention is an illumination system that incorporates a light emitting diode and a side-emitting light-recycling lens. The side-emitting light-recycling lens recycles part of the light internally generated by a light emitting diode back to the light emitting diode as externally incident light. The light emitting diode reflects a portion of the recycled light, thereby increasing the effective brightness of the light emitting diode. The light reflected by the light emitting diode is directed though the side-emitting light-recycling lens and exits the illumination system, thereby increasing the output brightness and efficiency of the illumination system. The light emitting diode reflects externally incident light with a reflectivity greater than 40 percent.

Abstract: The invention is a light emitting diode that exhibits high reflectivity to externally incident light and high extraction efficiency for internally generated light. The light emitting diode includes a first reflecting electrode that reflects both externally incident light and internally generated light. The first reflecting electrode can be a metal layer; or a transparent layer and a metal layer; or a transparent layer and a metal layer with a plurality of metal contacts extending from the reflecting metal layer through the transparent layer. A multi-layer semiconductor structure is in contact with the first reflecting layer and has an active region that emits the internally generated light in an emitting wavelength range. The multi-layer semiconductor structure has an absorption coefficient less than 50 cm?1. A second reflecting electrode underlies the multi-layer semiconductor structure and reflects both the externally incident light and the internally generated light.

Abstract: The invention is a light emitting diode that exhibits high reflectivity to externally incident light and high extraction efficiency for internally generated light. The light emitting diode includes a first reflecting electrode that reflects both externally incident light and internally generated light. A multi-layer semiconductor structure is in contact with the first reflecting layer and has an active region that emits the internally generated light in an emitting wavelength range. The multi-layer semiconductor structure has an absorption coefficient less than 50 cm?1. A second reflecting electrode underlies the multi-layer semiconductor structure and reflects both the externally incident light and the internally generated light. An array of light extracting elements extends at least part way through the multi-layer semiconductor structure and improves the extraction efficiency for the internally generated light.

Abstract: A light emitting diode includes a first doped semiconductor layer, an active region and a second doped semiconductor layer. The first reflective electrode of the light emitting diode is connected to the edge surfaces of the first doped semiconductor layer. The second reflective electrode includes an optically transparent layer and is connected to the second doped semiconductor layer. The second reflective electrode may include a plurality of electrically conductive contacts extending from a reflective conductive metallic layer through a transparent layer. A method is described for fabricating the light emitting diode.

Abstract: A light emitting diode includes a first doped semiconductor layer, an active region and a second doped semiconductor layer. The sectional area of the active region is less than the sectional area of the first doped semiconductor layer. One electrode of the light emitting diode is connected to the edge surfaces of the first doped semiconductor layer. The second electrode is connected to the second doped semiconductor layer. A method is described for fabricating the light emitting diode.

Abstract: An illumination system has a light source and a wavelength conversion layer within a light-recycling envelope. The wavelength conversion layer is a solid phosphor layer. The light source is a light-emitting diode or a semiconductor laser. The light source will emit light of a first wavelength range that is transmitted through the wavelength conversion layer in order to convert a portion of the light of a first wavelength range into light of a second wavelength range. Light of both the first and second wavelength ranges will exit the light-recycling envelope through an aperture. The recycling of the light by the light-recycling envelope will enhance the output radiance and luminance of the light exiting the illumination system.

Abstract: The invention is a light emitting diode that exhibits high reflectivity to incident light and high extraction efficiency for internally generated light. The light emitting diode includes a reflecting layer that reflects both the incident light and the internally generated light. A multi-layer semiconductor structure is deposited on the reflecting layer. The multi-layer semiconductor structure has an active layer that emits the internally generated light. An array of light extracting elements extends at least part way through the multi-layer semiconductor structure and improves the extraction efficiency for internally generated light. The light extracting elements can be an array of trenches, an array of holes, an array of ridges or an array of etched strips. The light emitting diode improves the efficiency of light recycling illumination systems.

Abstract: This invention is an illumination system that incorporates a light emitting diode and a partially reflecting optical element. The light emitting diode emits internally generated light and reflects incident light with high reflectivity. The partially reflecting optical element transmits a first portion of the internally generated light and reflects a second portion of the internally generated light back to the light emitting diode, where the second portion is reflected by the light emitting diode. The partially reflecting optical element can be a non-absorbing reflecting polarizer or a wavelength conversion layer. Utilizing a partially reflecting optical element and light recycling can increase the effective brightness and the output efficiency of the illumination system.

Abstract: This invention is an illumination system that incorporates a light emitting diode and a partially reflecting optical element. The light emitting diode emits internally generated light having a first angular range and reflects incident light with high reflectivity. The partially reflecting optical element transmits a first portion of the internally generated light with a second angular range, smaller than the first angular range, and reflects a second portion of the internally generated light back to the light emitting diode, where the second portion is reflected by the light emitting diode. The partially reflecting optical element can be a pyramid, an array of pyramids, a first and second orthogonal arrays of prisms or a bandpass filter. Utilizing a partially reflecting optical element and light recycling can increase the effective brightness and the output efficiency of the illumination system.

Abstract: A projection display system has at least one light-recycling illumination system, a color scroller and an imaging light modulator. The light-recycling illumination system includes a light source that is enclosed within a light-recycling envelope. The light source is a light-emitting diode that emits light, and a fraction of that light will exit the light-recycling envelope through an aperture. The light-recycling envelope recycles a portion of the light emitted by the light source back to the light source in order to enhance the luminance of the light exiting the aperture. The fraction of the light that exits the aperture is partially collimated and is directed to a color scrolling means. The color scroller scans the partially collimated light across the face of the imaging light modulator. The imaging light modulator spatially modulates the scrolled beam of light to form an image.

Abstract: A projection display system has at least one light-recycling illumination system and at least one imaging light modulator. The light-recycling illumination system includes a light source that is enclosed within a light-recycling envelope. The light source is a light-emitting diode that emits light, and a fraction of that light will exit the light-recycling envelope through an aperture. The light-recycling envelope recycles a portion of the light emitted by the light source back to the light source in order to enhance the luminance of the light exiting the aperture. The fraction of the light that exits the aperture is partially collimated and is directed to the imaging light modulator. The imaging light modulator spatially modulates the partially collimated light to form an image.