Abstract: Novel aluminum-containing compositions having increased paraffin-solubility are produced from a methylaluminoxane composition having lower paraffin-solubility. These compositions are formed by mixing in liquid phase (A) at least one aluminum trialkyl (or solution or suspension formed therefrom), where the aluminum trialkyl has at least 30 carbon atoms in the molecule, where each alkyl group thereof is bifurcated in the 2-position into a pair of branches, where one such branch has n carbon atoms and the other such branch has at least n+2 carbon atoms, and where n is at least 3; and (B) at least one methylaluminoxane composition having lower heptane-solubility (or a solution or slurry formed therefrom). Preferably, the resultant mixture is agitated at one or more elevated temperatures at which the mixture becomes even more homogeneous.

Abstract: An aluminoxanate composition which can be used as a co-catalyst with transition, lanthanide or actinide metal compounds such as metallocenes comprises the solid reaction product of an aluminoxane and an alkali metal, alkaline earth metal, ammonium, phosphonium or sulfonium salt of a Group 13 to 16 element-containing polyoxy compound such as sodium aluminate.

Abstract: A composition containing a zeolite and an acid suitable for use in increasing bone strength in an animal having a bone strength less than desired and/or for use in treating, preventing or delaying the onset of a bone disorder such as osteoporosis, osteochondrosis, or dyschondroplasia. A preferred zeolite is zeolite A. Preferred acids are illustrated by citric, fumaric and aspartic acids. The presence of such acids in the composition enhances the breakdown (i.e. decomposition) of the zeolite thereby making it more efficacious for increasing bone strength or combating bone disease. Preferably, the compositions contain from about 35 to about 65 weight percent of the acid; the remainder being the zeolite Such compositions can be admixed with other materials such as excipients used in the preparation of unit dosage forms.

Abstract: Organic silicon compounds such as tetraloweralkylorthosilicates, silicon tetracarboxylates, and silicon-containing reaction products derived from carbohydrates, such as glucose, sucrose, and ascorbic acid are useful in treating, preventing, or delaying the onset of bone disease in warm blooded vertebrates, including man and domesticated animals of economic importance, such as poultry, house pets, and horses, cattle, swine, and sheep.

Abstract: Silicic acid modulates (i.e. enhances or inhibits) adenylate cycloase activity. This effect appears to be a general one, inasmuch as the modulation has occurred in all tissues studied. The results suggest that silicic acid can be used in human and veterinary medicine to modulate hormone or neurotransmitter response. The results also indicate that silicic acid can be used to prevent, treat, or delay the onset of calcium-related bone disease, or to improve bone strength in an vertebrate having a bone strength less than desired.

Abstract: Organic silicon compounds in which silicon is solely bonded to oxygen, fluorine, chlorine or bromine such that not less than one-fourth of the silicon valences are satisfied by bonding to oxygen, stimulate the deposition of bone in bird embryos. Preferred birds are domestic fowl, such as chickens and turkeys. The silicon compounds are administered to the bird eggs by such means as injecting the eggs, or spraying or soaking them.

Abstract: Ascorbic acid and substituted ascorbic acids can be reacted with a tetraorganosilicate such as a tetraalkylorthosilicate to yield a product which contains silicon. The products are generally solid in nature, and typically they are insoluble without hydrolysis. The products are useful as active agents in the prevention, treatment, or delaying of the onset of calcium-related bone disease such as post-menopausal osteoporosis.

Abstract: Polyurethanes and a process for their preparation with aromatic diamines having an aromatic ring, one of said at least one aromatic ring having thereon at least two alkylthio substituents and at least one amino substituent. An isocyanate prepolymer may be combined with a diamine chain extender of the invention and cured at suitable processing temperatures to form elastomers with good physical properties.

Abstract: Pyrryl-2-acetonitriles corresponding to the formula ##STR1## in which R.sub.1 stands for hydrogen or an alkyl group having 1-4 carbon atoms prepared from dialkyl-(pyrryl-2-methyl)-amine corresponding to the formula ##STR2## in which R.sub.1 is defined as above and R.sub.2 and R.sub.3 stand for alkyl groups having 1-4 carbon atoms, are alkylated with alkyl halides such as methyl chloride or methyl bromide to form the corresponding trialkyl-(pyrryl-2-methyl)-ammonium chloride quaternary salts and then reacted with an aqueous solution of alkali cyanide in the presence of a water-immiscible solvent under conditions which provide more economical utilization of reactants and process equipment.

Abstract: A process for acylating pyrrole compounds comprising reacting an aroyl halide with the pyrrole compound in the presence of an alkyl aluminum halide. Such acylated pyrrole derivatives are useful as intermediates for the preparation of anti-inflammatory agents and as synthetic intermediates.

Abstract: It is disclosed that citric acid and salts thereof are readily produced by reacting acetone dicarboxyl ions, cyanide ions and alkali metal ions to produce an intermediate system which is subsequently reacted in an excess caustic system to form a salt of citric acid and that the salt is readily recovered by precipitation from the excess caustic system under proper conditions of concentration and temperature without requiring the formation of calcium salts. The recovered salt may be used directly or may be subjected to additional purification or may be converted to citric acid or other salts thereof by treatment with an acidification system such as sulfuric acid.

Abstract: A process for the preparation of carnitine nitrile halides by reacting (2,3-epoxypropyl)trimethylammonium halide with a cyano compound selected from the group consisting of alkali metal cyanide and hydrocyanic acid at a temperature of from about -20.degree. to about 120.degree. C in aqueous liquid medium.

Abstract: It is disclosed that citric acid and salts thereof are readily produced by reacting acetone dicarboxyl ions, cyanide ions and alkali metal ions to produce an intermediate system which is subsequently reacted in an excess caustic system to form a salt of citric acid and that the salt is readily recovered by precipitation from the excess caustic system under proper conditions of concentration and temperature without requiring the formation of calcium salts. The recovered salt may be used directly or may be subjected to additional purification or may be converted to citric acid or other salts thereof by treatment with an acidification system such as sulfuric acid.

Abstract: A process for preparing a mixed anhydride acylating agent and a process for acylating pyrrole derivatives, such as, 1-methylpyrrole-2-acetonitrile using the mixed anhydride acylating agent.

Abstract: It is disclosed that citric acid or its salts are obtained by the hydrolysis of a 3-carbamoyl-3-hydroxy-4-cyanobutyric acid or salt, that a 3-carbamoyl-3-hydroxy-4-cyanobutyric acid or salt is obtained from a 3-carbamoyl-3,4-epoxybutyric acid or salt, that a 3-carbamoyl-3,4-epoxybutyric acid or salt is obtained from a 3-carbamoyl-3-hydroxy-4-halobutyric acid or salt, that a 3-carbamoyl-3-hydroxy-4-halobutyric acid is obtained from a 3-cyano-3-hydroxy-4-halobutyric acid or salt, that a 3-cyano-3-hydroxy-4-halobutyric acid or salt is obtained from a 3-oxo-4-halobutyric acid or salt, that a 3-oxo-4-halobutyric acid or salt is obtained from a 3-oxo-4-halobutyryl halide, and that a 3-oxo-4-halobutyryl halide is obtained from diketene. Preferred halide compounds are compounds of chlorine.

Abstract: It is disclosed that citric acid or its salts are obtained by the hydrolysis of an alkaline earth metal adduct obtained by reacting a 3-carbamoyl-3-hydroxy-4-halobutyric acid with cyanide ions and with alkaline earth metal hydroxide, preferably in the ratio of from about one to about two gram-atoms of calcium and one gram-mol of cyanide (CN).sup.- per gram-mol of 3-carbamoyl-3-hydroxy-4-halobutyric acid, that 3-carbamoyl-3-hydroxy-4-halobutyric acid is preferably obtained by hydrolysis of a 3-cyano-3-hydroxy-4-halobutyric acid in an acidic system (in the presence of cyanide ions), that 3-cyano-3-hydroxy-4-halobutyric acid is preferably obtained by the hydrocyanation of 3-oxo-4-halobutyric acid with HCN in an aqueous system in the presence of excess cyanide ions and preferably in the presence of alkaline earth metal cyanide or alkali metal cyanide, that 3-oxo-4-halobutyric acid is obtained by hydrolysis of a 3-oxo-4-halobutyryl halide produced from diketene by halogenation.

Abstract: It is disclosed that citric acid or its salts are obtained by the hydrolysis of a 3-carbamoyl-3-hydroxy-4-cyanobutyric acid or salt, that a 3-carbamoyl-3-hydroxy-4-cyanobutyric acid or salt is obtained from a 3-carbamoyl-3,4-epoxybutyric acid or salt, that a 3-carbamoyl-3,4-epoxybutyric acid or salt is obtained from a 3-carbamoyl-3-hydroxy-4-halobutyric acid or salt, that a 3-carbamoyl-3-hydroxy-4-halobutyric acid is obtained from a 3-cyano-3-hydroxy-4-halobutyric acid or salt, that a 3-cyano-3-hydroxy-4-halobutyric acid or salt is obtained from a 3-oxo-4-halobutyric acid or salt, that a 3-oxo-4-halobutyric acid or salt is obtained from a 3-oxo-4-halobutyryl halide, and that a 3-oxo-4-halobutyryl halide is obtained from diketene. Preferred halide compounds are compounds of chlorine.

Abstract: A process for preparing a mixed anhydride acylating agent and a process for acylating pyrrole derivatives, such as 1-methylpyrrole-2-acetonitrile using the mixed anhydride acylating agent.