Abstract: A loading apparatus comprises a ramp defining a loading surface and a pair of loading blades each having a triangular cross-section with a nearly perpendicular front face and a shallow inclined rear face relative to a desired delivery direction for material collecting on the loading surface. The blades are oscillated back and forth about upstanding pivot axes relative to the loading surface. Between the blades is a component or some other means defining a step with a similar configuration to the blades with a steep front face relative to the delivery direction and a shallow inclined rear face. The step defining means assists the blades in the loading work.

Abstract: Shield apparatus for use in tunnelling or mining employs two spaced-apart arcuate frames each composed of a pair of segmental components interconnected at the roof by means of telescopic guides and a central pivot joint. The roof pivot joint between the components of each frame is disposed inside a hollow support and hydraulic rams connect the components to the support. At their lower ends the components of each frame are supported on floor structures connected together with a floor beam. Pivot joints are again formed between the floor structures and the frame components and further telescopic guides and hydraulic rams are arranged between the frame components and the floor structures. The frame components, which may support elongate drive members on their exterior, are adjustable with the aid of the hydraulic rams about the pivot joints to expand or contract the frames.