Abstract: The invention relates to the online regulation of a batch process in a bioreactor. According to the invention, spectra of the actual charge in the bioreactor are recorded at successive points during the running batch process. A measuring vector is produced, for each spectrum, in the low-dimensional main constituent region by the main constituent analysis of the high-dimensional spectra. The deviation is calculated between the measuring vector and a corresponding vector of a nominal trajectory consisting of measuring vectors of a reference charge, which are determined in an earlier batch process, and at least one adjustment operation for the batch process is determined and carried out according to said deviation. The direction of the adjustment operation is maintained when the deviation determined from one point to the next decreases, and modified when the deviation determined from one point to the next remains the same or increases.

Abstract: A method and arrangement for determining the capacity of a heat exchanger is provided. The effective heat transfer coefficient for the heat exchanger is calculated from the measured inlet and outlet temperatures of the product and the measured inlet and outlet temperatures of the auxiliary medium. By means of the value, the outlet temperature of the product set for maximum flow of the auxiliary medium is determined as that at which the change in the heat content of the product is at least approximately the same as the change in the heat content of the auxiliary medium and the amount of heat transmitted by the heat exchanger for the product flow. The value is displayed to the user and permits a decision as to how much longer the heat exchanger can reliably be operated.

Abstract: A method and arrangement for determining the capacity of a heat exchanger is provided. The effective heat transfer coefficient for the heat exchanger is calculated from the measured inlet and outlet temperatures of the product and the measured inlet and outlet temperatures of the auxiliary medium. By means of the value, the outlet temperature of the product set for maximum flow of the auxiliary medium is determined as that at which the change in the heat content of the product is at least approximately the same as the change in the heat content of the auxiliary medium and the amount of heat transmitted by the heat exchanger for the product flow. The value is displayed to the user and permits a decision as to how much longer the heat exchanger can reliably be operated.

Abstract: The invention relates to the online regulation of a batch process in a bioreactor. According to the invention, spectra of the actual charge in the bioreactor are recorded at successive points during the running batch process. A measuring vector is produced, for each spectrum, in the low-dimensional main constituent region by the main constituent analysis of the high-dimensional spectra. The deviation is calculated between the measuring vector and a corresponding vector of a nominal trajectory consisting of measuring vectors of a reference charge, which are determined in an earlier batch process, and at least one adjustment operation for the batch process is determined and carried out according to said deviation. The direction of the adjustment operation is maintained when the deviation determined from one point to the next decreases, and modified when the deviation determined from one point to the next remains the same or increases.

Abstract: A method for preventing or minimizing operational failures in a technical installation (1) is disclosed, in which, in accordance with influence quantities (17) accessible by a control system, at least one criterion (18-20) is defined so as to forecast an impending failure of one or more parts of the installation. This criterion is constantly monitored at short time intervals so as to establish a forecast of the expected failure probability. This forecast makes it possible, if necessary, to take early countermeasures (21-23) for preventing the failure of the installation or to take steps for minimizing the effects of the imminent failure.

Abstract: A method for preventing or minimizing operational failures in a technical installation (1) is disclosed, in which, in accordance with influence quantities (17) accessible by a control system, at least one criterion (18-20) is defined so as to forecast an impending failure of one or more parts of the installation. This criterion is constantly monitored at short time intervals so as to establish a forecast of the expected failure probability. This forecast makes it possible, if necessary, to take early countermeasures (21-23) for preventing the failure of the installation or to take steps for minimizing the effects of the imminent failure.

Abstract: The present a step controller includes a switching circuit having at least two outputting states, especially a three-level switch (DPS1) with negative feedback, and a PI or PID controller having an integrator (I1). The integrator is inactive during the positioning pulse of the three-level switch. The integrator (I1) is provided with a correcting element (CORR) which reduces the reset time (Tn) for a large input signal (xd). In this way, linear behavior of the step controller can be attained over the entire positioning range of a positioning element.

Abstract: A method automatically determines, controller parameters of a plurality of controllers for controlling a process controlled system that is composed of a plurality of coupled control systems. The controller parameters of the respective controllers are calculated from the measured responses or the individual control systems, being calculated by a computer for equivalent transfer functions that consider couplings between control systems in the, process controlled system. This occurs in an iterative method, in which a multi-dimensional, non-linear equation system is supplied step-by-step to an optimized solution A, a solution is individually calculated for each non-linear equation, that enters into the other equations. A different standard method for solving non-linear equation systems can also be utilized. A primary application is envisioned for: setting a furnace having a plurality of heating zones.

Abstract: The present a step controller includes a switching circuit having at least two outputting states, especially a three-level switch (DPS1) with negative feedback, and a PI or PID controller having an integrator (I1). The integrator is inactive during the positioning pulse of the three-level switch. The integrator (I1) is provided with a correcting element (CORR) which reduces the reset time (Tn) for a large input signal (xd). In this way, linear behavior of the step controller can be attained over the entire positioning range of a positioning element.

Abstract: The invention relates to a device for designing a neural network, in which to determine the number of neurons (21 . . . 24) in the intermediate layer, the domain of the input signal (X1, X2) in question is subdivided into a predefinable number of subdomains, and in the case of a multiplicity n of input signals (X1, X2), the n-dimensional value space of the n input signals is subdivided in conformance with the subdomains in question into n-dimensional partial spaces, and the supporting values (xi, yi) of the training data are assigned to the subdomains or partial spaces, and the subdomains or partial spaces having the most supporting values are selected, and in which case, for each selected subdomain or partial space, provision is made for a neuron in the intermediate layer preceding the output layer. The device according to the invention can be advantageously used for designing neural networks where the training data are unevenly distributed.