Abstract: A method of differentiation stem cells cells by contacting stem cells with a dopaminergic differentiation agent is provided in certain aspects. For example, the agent may comprise substituted benzoxazole. These methods and compositions may be used in toxicological screens, e.g., to evaluate the neurotoxicity of a test compound or treatment of neurological disorders.

Abstract: This invention relates to modulators of NADPH oxidase as a medicament for the treatment and/or prevention of hearing loss and/or phantom hearing. Such modulators preferably act by inhibiting NADPH oxidase activity, wherein the NADPH oxidase comprises or consists of the amino acid sequence of any one of SEQ ID NO: 1, 3 or 5, or (ii) is encoded by a nucleic acid comprising or consisting of the sequence of any one of SEQ ID NO: 2, 4, 6, 23 or 24, or (iii) is a fragment of the protein according to (i) or (ii) and exhibits NADPH oxidase activity, or (iv) has a sequence at least 75% identical with the protein according to (i) or (ii) or with the fragment according to (iii) and exhibits NADPH oxidase activity. Also provided are pharmaceutical compositions, medical uses and diagnostic uses of compounds of the invention.

Abstract: A method is provided for driving at least one lamp unit, which is connected to an AC voltage power supply system. The method comprises modulating a control information item for the operation of the lamp unit onto the supplied AC voltage, decoding of the modulation received on the lamp unit side for reading the control information item and driving the light-emitting device in accordance with the control information item. Provision is made for a shunt to be produced in the line used for transmitting the control information item prior to or at the beginning of the modulation of the control information item. The disclosure also provides a lamp unit and a control device for implementing the method. The disclosure also provides a lighting system.

Abstract: A system and a method provide a real-time-critical communication and a non-real-time-critical communication in a switched data network consisting of users and switching units, for example a distributed automation system, by a cyclic operation. In a transmission cycle, there exists for all users and switching units of the switched data network in each case at least one section for transmitting real-time-critical data and at least one section for transmitting non-real-time-critical data, as a result of which the real-time-critical communication is separated from the non-real-time-critical communication. Since all users and switching units are always synchronized to a common time base, the respective sections for transmitting data in each case take place at the same time for all users and switching units, i.e. the real-time-critical communication takes place independently in time from the non-real-time-critical communication.

Abstract: A method is provided for driving at least one lamp unit, which is connected to an AC voltage power supply system. The method comprises modulating a control information item for the operation of the lamp unit onto the supplied AC voltage, decoding of the modulation received on the lamp unit side for reading the control information item and driving the light-emitting device in accordance with the control information item. Provision is made for a shunt to be produced in the line used for transmitting the control information item prior to or at the beginning of the modulation of the control information item. The disclosure also provides a lamp unit and a control device for implementing the method. The disclosure also provides a lighting system.

Abstract: A destination node in a data network for transmission of real-time data by a data telegram, the data telegram including an identification, data and a transfer status, is provided. The destination node includes a device for receiving a first data telegram, a device for storing the data of the first data telegram and an assigned timer value, a device for receiving a second data telegram and a device for replacing the stored data of the first data telegram, wherein the stored data of the first data telegram is replaced with data of the second data telegram. Further, a method and a non-transitory storage medium are provided.

Abstract: This invention relates to a method of identifying a modulator of an NADPH oxidase, whereby said modulator is suitable as a lead compound and/or as a medicament for the treatment and/or prevention of hearing loss and/or phantom hearing, the method comprising the steps of (a) contacting a test compound with a protein, wherein said protein (i) comprises or consists of the amino acid sequence of any one of SEQ ID NO: 1, 3 or 5, or (ii) is encoded by a nucleic acid comprising or consisting of the sequence of any one of SEQ ID NO: 2, 4, 6, 23 or 24, or (iii) is a fragment of the protein according to (i) or (ii) and exhibits NADPH oxidase activity, or (iv) has a sequence at least 75% identical with the protein according to (i) or (ii) or with the fragment according to (iii) and exhibits NADPH oxidase activity, and optionally with one or more NADPH oxidase subunits, under conditions allowing binding of said test compound to said protein or, if present, said subunit(s); (b) optionally determining whether said test com

Abstract: A system and a method provides both for a real-time-critical communication and a non-real-time-critical communication in a switched data network consisting of users and switching units, for example a distributed automation system, by means of a cyclic operation. In a so-called transmission cycle (12), there exists for all users and switching units of the switched data network in each case at least one section (13) for transmitting real-time-critical data and at least one section (14) for transmitting non-real-time-critical data, as a result of which the real-time-critical communication is separated from the non-real-time-critical communication. Since all users and switching units are always synchronized to a common time base, the respective sections for transmitting data in each case take place at the same time for all users and switching units, i.e.

Abstract: Disclosed are methods for producing a clonal population of cells involving: a) obtaining a population of pluripotent or multipotent cells that have been expanded in vitro and maintained in an undifferentiated or essentially undifferentiated state; b) expanding individualized cells of the population into clonal populations of cells; and c) selecting one or more clonal population of cells determined to have the ability to differentiate into a population that is at least about 50% homogeneous for either neural cell types, hepatocytes, or cardiomyocytes. Also disclosed are clonal populations of cells produced by the methods of the present invention, and methods of treating disease in subjects involving administration of clonal cells of the present invention to a subject. Methods of screening test compounds that involve contacting a test compound with a clonal population of cells produced by the methods of the present invention are also set forth.

Abstract: A method is provided for driving at least one lamp unit, which is connected to an AC voltage power supply system. The method comprises modulating a control information item for the operation of the lamp unit onto the supplied AC voltage, decoding of the modulation received on the lamp unit side for reading the control information item and driving the light-emitting device in accordance with the control information item. Provision is made for a shunt to be produced in the line used for transmitting the control information item prior to or at the beginning of the modulation of the control information item. The disclosure also provides a lamp unit and a control device for implementing the method. The disclosure also provides a lighting system.

Abstract: A destination node in a data network for transmission of real-time data by a data telegram, the data telegram including an identification, data and a transfer status, is provided. The destination node includes a device for receiving a first data telegram, a device for storing the data of the first data telegram and an assigned timer value, a device for receiving a second data telegram and a device for replacing the stored data of the first data telegram, wherein the stored data of the first data telegram is replaced with data of the second data telegram. Further, a method and a non-transitory storage medium are provided.

Abstract: A method of preparing neural precursor cells by exposing pluripotent stem cells or neural stem cells to a differentiation agent. The agent is a pyridine analog, which in preferred embodiments is a phenylethynyl-substituted or phenylazo-substituted pyridine. In other embodiments, a method of enhancing neural precursor cell survival is provided in which the survival is enhanced by exposure to the pyridine analog. In further embodiments, a method of preparing neuronal cells is provided in which pluripotent or neural stem cells exposed to the pyridine analog are then incubated without the pyridine analog, resulting in differentiation into neurons, astrocytes and oligodendrocytes. These methods may be used in toxicological screens, e.g., to evaluate the neurotoxicity of a test compound.

Abstract: A destination node in a data network for transmission of real-time data by a data telegram, the data telegram including an identification, data and a transfer status, is provided. The destination node includes a device for receiving a first data telegram, a device for storing the data of the first data telegram and an assigned timer value, a device for receiving a second data telegram and a device for replacing the stored data of the first data telegram, wherein the stored data of the first data telegram is replaced with data of the second data telegram. Further, a method and a non-transitory storage medium are provided.

Abstract: A system and a method provide a real-time-critical communication and a non-real-time-critical communication in a switched data network consisting of users and switching units, for example a distributed automation system, by a cyclic operation. In a transmission cycle, there exists for all users and switching units of the switched data network in each case at least one section for transmitting real-time-critical data and at least one section for transmitting non-real-time-critical data, as a result of which the real-time-critical communication is separated from the non-real-time-critical communication. Since all users and switching units are always synchronized to a common time base, the respective sections for transmitting data in each case take place at the same time for all users and switching units, i.e. the real-time-critical communication takes place independently in time from the non-real-time-critical communication.

Abstract: A destination node in a data network for transmission of real-time data by a data telegram, the data telegram including an identification, data and a transfer status, is provided. The destination node includes a device for receiving a first data telegram, a device for storing the data of the first data telegram and an assigned timer value, a device for receiving a second data telegram and a device for replacing the stored data of the first data telegram, wherein the stored data of the first data telegram is replaced with data of the second data telegram. Further, a method and a non-transitory storage medium are provided.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for transmitting real time-critical data using data messages in a data network. The data messages have an identification, useful data and a transfer status. According to the inventive method, data messages comprising errors are replaced by replacement messages that have the same structure as the data messages. The replacement message has the same identification as the data message to be replaced and is thus forwarded via the switching node, which would have been used to route the error-free data message. The replacement message can contain details of the type of transmission error.

Abstract: A method for the transmission of data messages in a switched cyclical communication system (38, 39) with a linear or ring arrangement of the users. Real-time critical data messages are transmitted in a first segment (20) of a transmission cycle (31), without the need to first plan the send and receive instants in the forwarding users, such that the chronological start (21) of the first segment (20) of a transmission cycle (31) is guaranteed by all users in all transmission cycles through monitoring. The duration of the first segment (20) of a transmission cycle (31) can be fixedly specified or automatically adjusted using a timeout procedure.

Abstract: This invention relates to a method of identifying a modulator of an NADPH oxidase, whereby said modulator is suitable as a lead compound and/or as a medicament for the treatment and/or prevention of hearing loss and/or phantom hearing, the method comprising the steps of (a) contacting a test compound with a protein, wherein said protein (i) comprises or consists of the amino acid sequence of any one of SEQ ID NO: 1, 3 or 5, or (ii) is encoded by a nucleic acid comprising or consisting of the sequence of any one of SEQ ID NO: 2, 4, 6, 23 or 24, or (iii) is a fragment of the protein according to (i) or (ii) and exhibits NADPH oxidase activity, or (iv) has a sequence at least 75% identical with the protein according to (i) or (ii) or with the fragment according to (iii) and exhibits NADPH oxidase activity, and optionally with one or more NADPH oxidase subunits, under conditions allowing binding of said test compound to said protein or, if present, said subunit(s); (b) optionally determining whether said test com

Abstract: The method carrying out permanent redundant transmission of data messages in disjunctive paths, such that circulating data messages can be reliably identified and destroyed. The method includes splitting a redundant message into two data messages in the respective branching point in a transparent manner. The method further includes causing no additional load for the receiver of the two identical messages by, for instance, allocating a current cycle number to the received data message in a cyclic communication system (26). This can also be ensured in a non-cyclic communication system by means of software processing, for instance, by processing the header identifier of the data messages. In particular, the behavior of the communication system (26) with respect to “learning” the addresses in the individual users (1, 2, 3, 4, 5), more particularly the switches, is not altered for the remaining non-redundant data traffic.

Abstract: A subscriber in a communication system (102) for transmitting and receiving data telegrams, wherein a data telegram includes reference data or user data and an identifier. The control of transmitting and receiving data telegrams is based on check data sets (122). A check data set includes an address for the reference data or user data and the identifier of the data telegram, which is assigned to the check data set. A transmission list (120) includes a first number of check data sets. A circuit unit (128) generates, based on a check data set of the transmission list, a data telegram to be transmitted. In addition, a second number (136, 138) of check data sets is provided. An assignment unit (140, 144) assigns a received data telegram to one of the check data sets of the second number of check data sets, wherein the assignment is carried out based on the identifier for the received data telegram.